L42 43 Female reproductive sys Flashcards
layers in the ovary
Surface epithelium: mesothelium capsule
Tunica Albuginia: dense CT under capsul
Ovarian follicles with the CT Stroma layer
cystadenocarcinoma: most common ovarian cancer
Folliculogenesis
four stage maturatiuon process which takes 13 menstrual cycles (1yr)
ALL ovarian follicles contain primary oocytes (they stay arrested here in Meiosis I until completing MI at ovulation to become secondary oocytes.
- Primordial Follicle
- Primary Follicle
- Secondary Follicle
- Mature Follicle
Primordial Follicle
All primordial follicles are made during fetal development
-stay dormant till puberty
Histo:
primary oocyte suurounded by single SQUAMOUS layer of GRANULOSA cells
-Gran Cells secret: Mullerian Inhibiting Substance (MIS) to help maintain resting population of primordial follicle
Primary Follicle
Second stage of growth (preantral follicle)
At the beginning of each menstrual cycle Activin A (secreted by GRANULOSA CELLS)
- signals for about 20 primordial follicle to develop to primary follicle
- primary oocyte and granulosa cells secrete ECM to form Zona Pellucida.
- granulosa cells proliferate and differentiate to STRATIFIED CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM
-stroma surrounding the granulosa cells organize into a circular layer of CT around the follicle called Theca Folliculi
Secondary Follicle
FSH (from where) signals the primary follicle to a secondary follicle
theca folliculi splits
- theca interna: androgen secreting
- theca externa: CT and SMC
granulosa cells continue to proliferate
- convert the androgens to estrogen
- secretions of liquor folliculi form cavities called ANTRUM
Mature Follicle
(graafian follicle)
The secondary follicle most responsive to FSH signals becomes a mature follicle
-granulosa cells of this follicle secrete inhibin to cause all other secondary follicles to become atretic and degenerate
-antrums increase, more liquor folliculi
corona radiate: granulosa cells around the primary oocyte
cumulus oophorus: mound of cells underneath
Ovulation
surge of LH causes the SMC of theca externa to contract rupturing the follicle
- secondary oocyte/zona pellucida/corona radiate all released into the peritoneal cavity
- enter uterine tube
Corpus Luteum
Post ovulation follicle
ruptured follicle becomes filled with blood that clots (corpus hermorrhagium)
corpus luteum is formed from this once the clot dissipates.
- highly cellular
- acts as endocrine gland secreting primarily progesterone (to fenestrated caps) (from granulosa lutein cells and theca lutein cells) to prepare the uterus for implantation
- hormone leves drop (corpus luteum degenerates, replaced with collagen rich scar, corpus albicans)
What happens If implantation occurs or not
yes: corpus luteum degenerates
no: hCG from trophoblast signals corpus luteum to keep secreting progesterone for several more weeks, until implatiotion is complete. Then degenerates
draw slide 11
hormone paths
Uterine Tube
Histo
Mucosa: ciliated cells beat towards uterus. Peg cells (round/bulging) secrete nutrients
-estrogen: secreted by ovarian follicles promotes ciliogenesis EARLY in the cycle, to help transport oocyte towards the uterus after ovulation
-progesterone: secreted by the corpus luteum promotes partial deciliation later in cycle
Muscularis: peristalsis towards uterus
Serosa
Uterus Body and FUndus
Mucosa: endometrium
muscularis: myometrium- SMC and increased vasculature
- during pregnancy- esterogen causes hypertrophy and hyperplasia while oxytocin provides contractions
- after pregnancy- agtrophy to original size
serosa: peritoneum
Endometrium: composed of two layers
- basal layer: does not shed cells. THese cells regenerate the functional layer each time
- functional layer: contains portions of uterine glands, spiral arteries, and sheds if no implantation occurs
Three phases uterine structure
Menstrual Days 1-4 -no implantation= low hormone levels -spiral arteries restrict causing inchemia -fxnl layer is shed
Proliferative 5-14
-rising estrogen levels signal the functional layer te regenerate from the cells in the basal layer
Secretory Phase 15-28
rising progesterone levels signal the functional layer to increase blood flow to facilitate implantation
Endometriosis
endodermal tissue from the uterus grows elsewhere in the body (ovary, unterine lig/peritoneum)
probably retrograde transport in the uterine tube or lymphatics
-fxns as normal uterine endometrium
can cause infertility dysmenorrhea and hemorrhaging
-hormone teratments use Estrogen supressors
menorhagiaL prolonged menstrual period and dysmenorrhea
- multiple large tumars in the myometrium
- leiomyomas-uterin fibroblasts
- tumor made up of SMC
70& of leimeyloma females under 30. Estrogen promotes hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the myometrium
estrogen levels fall later in life especially after menopause therefore leimeyma
Cervix and CC
Surface of the cervical canal is the endocervix (LP with cervical glands- less viscous mucosa early from estrogen and viscous later from progesterone
extocervix: surface that protrudes out into the vagina
- lined by THICK STRAT SQUAMOUS
- TRANSFORMATION SONE BETWEEN ENDO AND ECTO
pap smear: look for metaplasia for transformation zone
-precancerous transformations
HPV implicated in metaplastic changes of cells
-HPV vaccine to reduce risk`
