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APS 269 Palaeobiology > L4: Ornithischian Dinosaurs > Flashcards

L4: Ornithischian Dinosaurs Flashcards

1
Q

What is the pelvic structure of the saurischian dinosaur?

A

Is ‘dinosaur hip’, with the pubis bone directed anteriorly and downward, like a lizard

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2
Q

What is the pelvic structure of the ornithischian dinosaur

A

Is ‘bird hip’, with the pubis running posterior to the ischium, opisthopubic condition

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3
Q

What is the fundemental division among dinosaurs?

A

Pelvis structures, were either ornithischian or saurischian

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4
Q

What kind of dinosaurs are in the Ornithischian?

A

Armoured, horned and duck billed

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5
Q

What groups of ornithischia were studied?

A 
Stegosauria
Anklyosaurs 
Pachycephalosaurs 
Certopsia 
Ornithopods
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6
Q

How many species of stegosaurus were there?

A

12

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7
Q

When did stegosaurus range from and till?

A

Middle jurassic to early cretaceous

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8
Q

What was the general size of stegosaurus?

A

3-9m

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9
Q

How much did stegosaurus weigh?

A

300-1500kg

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10
Q

What is the striking feature identifying the stegosaurus?

A

have rows of special bones called osteoderms, which develop into spines and plates along the neck, back and tail.

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11
Q

What size brain do stegosaurs have?

A

relatively small brains, about 0.001% of the body mass - lifestyle doesn’t require a large brain

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12
Q

How were stegosaurus distributed?

A

Appear to be spread widely, a cosmopolitan species

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13
Q

What does the body plan of stegosaur indicate about its lifestyle?

A

inclined toward plodding and not sprinting as large and bulky
Teeth and large abdominal region suggest herbivorous lifestyle

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14
Q

How did stegosaurus protect itself from predators?

A

Due to its size, spines and large heavy tails, stegosaurus was relatively safe from predators, only the young would be at risk

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15
Q

What is known about the sociality of stegosaurus?

A

Little is known about stegosaurus behaviour, as there are not many full specimens to illustrate this, do see some degree of sexual dimorphism in rib structure

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16
Q

What function do the spines on stegosaurus have?

A

Maybe for protection, but also likely they were used for heat regulations there are indications of a very good blood supply

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17
Q

What size was Ankylosaur?

A

generally 5m long

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18
Q

How many species of ankylosaur were there?

A

30

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19
Q

What similarities did ankylosaur have to stegosaurus?

A

Forelimbs shorter than hind limb

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20
Q

What was characteristic about the ankylosaur?

A

Are encased in shell like dermal armour, that forms a shield across the body

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21
Q

How much did the ankylosaur generally weigh?

A

Weigh up to 3500kg

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22
Q

What does stegosaurus feed on?

A

Feed on plants with a beak

23
Q

Where and in what state are ankylosaurus fossils discovered?

A

Often deposited along the sea shore or even in rocks representing open marine environments. Often found upside down, likely because of their heavy armour

24
Q

How did ankylosaurus defend itself?

A

Would not be able to travel fast so defence came from its armour. Had very strong shoulder muscles, and this could have aided in the use of its tail, which terminates in a club

25
Q

What size was pachycephalosaurus?

A

range from 2-8m

26
Q

How does the pachycephalosaurus move?

A

Is bipedal

27
Q

When did the ankylosaur live?

A

Originated in the jurassic, until the cretaceous

28
Q

How was pachycephalosaurus distributed?

A

Mostly in the north and seemed to have originated in Asia

29
Q

What did pachycephalosaurus eat?

A

Foraged on low growing plants, can see form stance, teeth and stomach region

30
Q

What kind of brain size did pachycephalosaurus have?

A

Average brain size, as herding requires greater intelligence

31
Q

How did pachycephalosaurus socialise?

A

Lived in herds, moving quickly to avoid predators

32
Q

What striking feature identifies pachycephalosaurus?

A

Thickened skull roof caps, 20cm thick. probably used for fighting

33
Q

How do pachycephalosaurus exhibit sexual selection?

A

Had dominance heir aches within the herds, giving certain males preferred access to females - may have used their heads to compete

34
Q

Give an example of a pachycephalosaurus dinosaur

A

Stegoceras

35
Q

Give an example of a Ceratopsia dinosaur

A

Triceratops

36
Q

What striking feature identifies ceratopsia?

A

The frill that develops on the back of the head, and the spines on the skull, as well as a beak shaped mouth

37
Q

When did pachycephalosaurus live?

A

End cretaceous

38
Q

How many species of ceratopsia were there?

A

40 species

39
Q

What time period did the ceratopsia live?

A

Jurassic to cretaceous

40
Q

What sizes and weight did the ceratopsia range from?

A

1-9M, from 25-7000kg

41
Q

How did ceratopsia socialise?

A

Herding animals

42
Q

How did ceratopsia defend itself from predators?

A

was able to charge at 30-35km per hour, and could also use its horns for defence

43
Q

What groups are the ornithopods split into?

A

Heterodontosauria
Euornithopoda
Hadrosauridae

44
Q

How many species of ornithopods are there?

A

Over 100

45
Q

What time period did the ornithopods live?

A

Early Jurassic to Cretaceous

46
Q

What sizes and weight did the Ornithopods range from?

A

1m-15m

47
Q

What was the biogeography of the Ornithopods?

A

Manage to reach all regions of the globe

48
Q

What characteristic distinguishes the hadrosaurids?

A

duck-billed dinosaurs

49
Q

What have hadrosaur discoveries revealed about their diet?

A

Found the stomach exceptionally preserved in tar pits, can see a diet of twigs, berries and plant matter

50
Q

How did Ornithopods socialise?

A

Most formed herds, may have even been migratory.

51
Q

How did Ornithopods Raise their young?

A

Evidence of different methods, but many nesting in big colonies, young well developed in some cases, not in others. Evidence of parental care

52
Q

How intelligent were the Ornithopods?

A

Highly intelligent, which is required for herd living

53
Q

What defines the heterodontosauridae?

A

Evolution of high crowned teeth

54
Q

What defines the euornithopoda?

A

Characterised by features of the orbit (eye socket) e.g. iguanodon

APS 269 Palaeobiology (8 decks)

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