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General - Pathology 🩺 > L4: Cellular Accumulations > Flashcards

L4: Cellular Accumulations Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of hyalinosis (hyaline degeneration)?

A

Glassy Refractile Homogenous Structurless Transparent material with unknown nature that stains Red with Eosin.

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2
Q

What are the types of hyalinosis?

A

Intracellular hyalinosis
1. Corpora Amylacia: Prostate
2. Russell bodies: Plasma cells in Rhinoscleroma
3. Old thrombi
4. Mallory body “Apoptotic bodies”: in Alcoholic
hepatitis
5. Councilman body: in Viral hepatitis (Yellow fever)

Extracellular hyalinosis
A. Vascular:-
1. Artery: Atherosclerosis
2. Arteriole: Spleen in Old age, Hypertension

B. Extra-vascular:-

  1. Old scar
  2. Spleen capsule & trabeculae
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3
Q

What are the sites, examples, and M/E of mucinous & myxomatus degeneration?

A

Sites:-

  • Epithelial “Mucinous - Mucoid”
  • Connective tissue “Myxomatous”

Examples

  • Catarrhal inflammation, Mucoid adenocarcinoma
  • Myxoma “CT tumor”, Myxedema

M/E

  • none
  • Star-shaped cells separated by pale blue mucin
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4
Q

What is the definition of amyloidosis?

A

Abnormal deposition of protein substance in between cells and in blood vessels in different tissues and organs.

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5
Q

What is the morphology of amyloidosis?

A

N/E: Waxy Translucent

M/E: Homogenous Structurless Red material (Like Hyalinosis & Fibrinoid necrosis)

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6
Q

What are the stains of amyloidosis?

A

Gross stains

1) lodine: Brown
2) lodine with sulphoric acid: Blue

Microscopic stains
1) Congo red: When viewed under polarized light it gives Apple Green birefringence

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7
Q

What are the types of systemic amyloidosis?

A

1) Immunocyte dyscrasias with amyloidosis “Primary amyloidosis
2) Reactive systemic amyloidosis “Secondary amyloidosis”
3) Heredofamilial amyloidosis

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8
Q

Where is Immunocyte dyscrasias with amyloidosis “Primary amyloidosis” seen in and what is its site, and cause of diseases?

A 
-Seen in:
 Multiple Myeloma (Plasma cell tumor).
  • Site:
    a) Early in Muscle - Heart - GIT “Alimentary tract”.
    b) Late in: Solid organs.

-Cause of Death:
Heart failure - Renal failure

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9
Q

Where is Reactive systemic amyloidosis “Secondary amyloidosis” seen in and what is its site, and cause of diseases?

A
  • Seen in Chronic inflammatory lesions with continuous breakdown (TB - Rheumatoid arthritis).
  • Site: Early in Solid organs.
  • Cause of Death: Renal failure.
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10
Q

Describe Heredofamilial amyloidosis

A

Familial Mediterranean Fever “FMF” characterized

by recurrent inflammations of Joints & Serous sacs.

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11
Q

What are examples of localized amyloidosis?

A

1) Senile Cardiac Amyloidosis
2) Senile Cerebral Amyloidosis “Alzheimer disease”
3) Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma MTC
4) Nodules in Skin - Tongue - Larynx - Lung - Urinary bladder

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12
Q

What is the N/E of any organ with amyloidosis?

A 
V Size: Enlarged
V Shape: Preserved
V Surface: Smooth
V Consistency: Firm
V Color: Pale Greyish-brown
V Edges: Sharp edges
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13
Q

What is Gout “Hyperuricemia”?

A

Disturbance of Purines in nucleoprotein metabolism.

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14
Q

What is the pathology of Gout “Hyperuricemia”?

A

In joints:-

  1. Recurrent attacks of acute arthritis.
  2. Chronic gouty Tophi: Joints - Eyelid - Cartilage of ear.

In kidney:-

  1. Urate stones
  2. Chronic renal failure
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15
Q

What is pathological calcification?

A

Deposition of Ca salts in tissues other than bone & teeth.

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16
Q

What is the N/E of pathological calcification?

A

Dull opaque - White - Hard - Finely granular surface.

17
Q

What is the M/E of pathological calcification?

A

Dark blue with Hematoxylin.

18
Q

What is the classification of calcification?

A
  1. Dystrophic calcification
  2. Metastatic calcification
  3. Stone formation (Urinary tract - Biliary tract - Duct of the salivary gland - Appendix).
19
Q

Dystrophic calcification

Ca level:
Type of tissues:
Sites:

A
  • Ca level: Blood Ca is normal
  • Damaged tissues are more liable to Ca deposition (Hyalinosis & Necrosis).
  • Sites:- Degenerated tissue: Old scar - Wall of chronic abscess and necrotic tissues
20
Q

Metastatic Calcification

Ca level:
Type of tissues:
Pathogenesis (causes of hypercalcemia)

A
  • Blood Ca is elevated
  • Deposition in normal tissues
    1. Excess mobilization of Ca from bone:-
      a) Bone destruction (Multiple myeloma - Secondary Bone tumors)
      b) Hyperparathyroidism
      c) Prolonged immobilization
  1. Excess absorption of Ca from intestine:-
    a) Hypervitaminosis D
    b) Increased Milk intake
  2. Sarcoidosis
21
Q

What is hemosiderosis?

A

Pathological accumulation of Hemosiderin (Localized - Generalized)

22
Q

How does hemosiderosis take place?

A

Fe is absorbed from duodenum - Carried in plasma trans-ferritin, Stored as Fe or Apo-ferritin in macrophages in Liver - Spleen - BM.

23
Q

What is the definition of localized hemosiderosis?

A

Local accumulation of hemosiderin.

24
Q

What are the causes of localized hemosiderosis?

A

Occurs around areas of hemorrhage as in:-

a) Interstitial hemorrhage.
b) Chronic venous congestion of the lung.

25
Q

What is the def of generalized hemosiderosis (hemochromatosis)?

A

Generalized increase of hemosiderin.

26
Q

What are the causes of generalized hemosiderosis (hemochromatosis)?

A

Iron overload due to:-

1) Over-dose of iron intake.
2) Prolonged iron therapy.
3) Increased iron absorption.
4) Repeated blood transfusions.
5) Hemolytic anemias

27
Q

What is the pathology of Generalized Hemosiderosis(Hemochromatosis)?

A

The pigment is deposited in Liver cells - Pancreas - Skin - Heart - Other organs:-

1) Skin: Bronzed color.
2) Pancreas: Diabetes mellitus.
3) Liver: Develops Pigmentary cirrhosis.
4) Heart: Fibrosis - Arrhythmia - Cardiomyópathy - Heart failure.

28
Q

What is the N/E of Generalized Hemosiderosis(Hemochromatosis)?

A

The affected organs are Enlarged - Brown - Hard.

29
Q

What are the types of pigments?

A

Types of pigments:-

  1. Exogenous:-
    a) Inhalation: Pneumoconiosis due to Silica.
    b) Ingestion: Melanosis coli - Chronic lead poisoning.
    c) Inoculation: Tattooing
  2. Endogenous:-
    a) Melanin
    b) Hemoglobin derived pigments
30
Q

What are increased melanin pigments?

A
  1. Prolonged exposure to the sun: Stimulation of MSH (Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone)
  2. Addison’s disease.
  3. Chloasma of pregnancy: Pigmentation around Nipple - Face - Vulva during pregnancy.
  4. Tumors; Melanoma.
  5. Chronic irritation
31
Q

What are decreased melanin pigments?

A
  1. Albinism: Partial or Complete absence of tyrosinase.
  2. Leukoderma (Congenital).
  3. Vitiligo (Acquired).

General - Pathology 🩺 (9 decks)

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