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OT 103: Kinesiology > L4. Biomechanics of Upper Limb > Flashcards

L4. Biomechanics of Upper Limb Flashcards

1
Q

Injuries of the shoulder complex usually cause problems in ________.

A

movement

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2
Q

How does the shoulder complex keep its stability?

A

relies heavily on muscles

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3
Q

What serves as the only connection of the upper extremity to the axial skeleton?

A

sternoclavicular joint

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4
Q

Where does most of the UE movement happen?

A

sternoclavicular joint

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5
Q

Describe the closed pack position of the SC joint.

A

full arm abduction/elevation

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6
Q

At which position does the SC joint have the greatest mechanical stability?

A

Closed Pack Position (full arm abduction/elevation)

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7
Q

During the elevation and depression of the SC joint, the ______ end of the clavicle moves on the ______ end of the manubrium.

A

convex; concave

elevation = inferior slide
depression = superior slide

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8
Q

During the protraction and retraction of the SC joint, The _____ end of the clavicle is moving on the _____portion of
the manubrium.

A

concave; convex

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9
Q

What joint connects the clavicle and the scapula?

A

acromioclavicular (AC) joint

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10
Q

What is the function of the AC joint?

A
  1. serves the fine-tuning of the SC joint
  2. maintains contact of scapula with thorax by fine tuning scapular motions
  3. enables transmission of forces from the upper arm to the axial skeleton
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11
Q

What joint fine tunes the SC joint?

A

AC joint

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12
Q

What makes up the sternoclavicular joint?

A

clavicle and manubrium

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13
Q

What joint does the clavicle and scapula produce?

A

acromioclavicular joint

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14
Q

What shoulder joint is considered to be a “false joint”?

A

scapulothoracic

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15
Q

What shoulder joints are considered to be “True joints”?

A

sternoclavicular, acromioclavicular, glenohumeral joint

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16
Q

What is the accessory motion that occurs when the clavicle is going back to the anatomical position?

A

anterior rotation

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17
Q

If the acromioclavicular joint moves anteriorly, what direction of tilting does the scapula produce?

A

anterior tilting

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18
Q

Why does the anterior-posterior rotation of the clavicle (at AC and SC joints) important for the anterior-posterior tilting of the scapula?

A

because its crucial for the scapulohumeral rhythm which keeps the shoulder movement efficient and pain-free.

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19
Q

The upward-downward rotation of the acromioclavicular joint occurs during what motion or movements?

A

Abduction & Flexion; Adduction & Extension

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20
Q

A client lifts there arm forward (shoulder flexion) and to the side (shoulder abduction). Describe the movement of the AC joint.

A

Upward Rotation

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21
Q

A client brings their arm down and also moves it to the back, what kind of rotation occurs at the AC joint?

A

Downward Rotation

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22
Q

As you raise your arm, the scapula rotates __________ and the clavicle rotates _________.

A

upward; posteriorly

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23
Q

How does the scapulothoracic joint aid shoulder region stability?

A
  1. positions GH joint to properly align the fossa & humeral head.
  2. maintains length tension relationship of deltoid muscle.
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24
Q

Which joints affect the motion of the scapulothoracic joint?

A

SC joint + AC joint motion

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25
SC joint: elevation-depression AC joint: downward-upward rotation What kind of scapulothoracic joint movement does this produce?
elevation & depression
26
SC joint: protraction-retraction AC joint: ________________ The scapulothoracic joint produces protraction & retraction.
posterior & anterior rotation
27
SC joint: elevation-depression AC joint: upward-downward adjustments What kind of scapulothoracic joint movement does this produce?
outward & downward rotation
28
What is the most freely moving joint?
Glenohumeral Joint
29
What kind of end feels does the GH joint have?
firm end feels
30
What kind of GH rotation must occur during full shoulder abduction?
external rotation
31
What kind of GH rotation must occur during full shoulder flexion?
internal rotation
32
Why is the internal and external rotation of the humerus important?
in order to clear the coracoacromial arch (prevent impingement)
33
Where does the most functional shoulder abduction motion occur in?
scapular plane
34
What is scaption?
shoulder abduction in the scapular plane, which is angled 30-40 degrees anterior to the frontal plane
35
In lower levels, what motion does the flexion and extension of the humerus produce on the glenoid fossa?
spinning
36
What do you call the space below the acromion and is above the GH joint?
subacromial space
37
What does the subacromial space contain?
subacromial and subdeltoid bursa, supraspinatus, biceps tendon
38
What is the ration of the scapulohumeral rhythm?
2:1 (GH : Scapular Rotation)
39
What is the coordinated movement between the glenohumeral joint and the scapulothoracic articulation during shoulder flexion/abduction with elevation?
scapulohumeral rhythm
40
What are the functions of the scapulohumeral rhythm?
more ROM with stability, increased joint congruency, minimizes active insufficiency
41
What are the phases of scapulohumeral rhythm?
setting, mid-range, end-range
42
Setting (0-30 abd, 0-60 flexion) of the scapulohumeral rhythm occurs where?
GH joint
43
Which phase of the scapulohumeral rhythm does the 2:! ratio start?
mid-range
44
Describe the net movement/function of the deltoid muscle in the deltoid-rotator cuff mechanism.
deltoid pulls humerus directly up
45
Which joints compromise the elbow joint?
humeroulnar joint (main) & humeroradial joint
45
Describe the net movement/function of the supraspinatus muscle in the deltoid-rotator cuff mechanism.
keeps humerus congruent/in the glenoid fossa
46
Which muscles in the deltoid-rotator cuff mechanism keeps the humerus more downward?
subscapularis, infraspinatus, teres minor
47
What is the normal ROM of elbow flexion?
145 degrees (variable: 120-160 degrees)
48
Why is flexion ROM reduced when forearm is not fully supinated?
due to bony alignment and muscle inefficiency
49
What is the functional elbow ROM used in daily activities?
30-130 degrees
50
What phase of the scapuloumeral rhythm is 90-180 degree abduction?
end range
51
An interruption at the deltoid-rotator cuff mechanim causes what?
tissue trauma and shoulder dysfunction
51
What kind of end-feel does a radioulnar supination have?
firm end feels
52
What kind of end-feel does a radioulnar pronation have?
firm or hard end feels
53
The radius moves most of the time to produce movement. T/F?
F. Ulna moves most times.
54
What bone serves as the rigid base for most forearm and wrist functions?
ulna
55
The hand and wrist connects to the _______ while the ulna stays stationary.
radius
56
The wrist moves around the ulna during ______________
extension-flexion
57
Wrist and hand muscles provide stability but no motion to the elbow. This is because a lot of muscles anchor the the humeral epicondyles. T or F?
T
58
The wrist joint has ________ mobility and ______ stability.
great; great
59
What joints makes up the wrist joint?
radiocarpal + midcarpal joint
60
Wrist flexion happens mostly happens at which joint?
radiocarpal joint
61
Wrist extension mostly happens at which joint?
midcarpal joint
62
What concept states that "two movements can happen together/simultaneously to produce one net movement"?
coupling
63
Wrist flexion is coupled with ___________ and ___________; whereas wrist extension is coupled with slight radial deviation.
slight ulnar deviation; supination
64
What coupling is shown: Bringing fork to the mouth & turning the doorknob
Flexion: w/slight UD and supination
65
What coupling is shown: typing
Extension: w/ slight RD
66
What antagonists are at work during the flexion & extension of the wrist?
FCU vs ECU + FCR vs ECRL (flexor carpi ulnaris vs extensor carpi ulnaris) (flexor carpi radialis vs extensor carpi radialis longus)
67
What are the synergists that the wrists use during ulnar deviation?
FCU + ECU (flexor carpi ulnaris vs extensor carpi ulnaris)
68
What are the synergists that the wrist use during radial deviation?
FCR + ECRL
69
Carpometacarpal joint (CMC) Flexion increases or decreases the hand arch?
increases
70
Carpometacarpal joint (CMC) Extension increases or decreases the hand arch?
decreases
71
`What is the most mobile finger?
pinky
72
What is the least mobile finger?
middle finger
73
What function does the pinky allow because it is the most mobile?
strong grip & more hand cupping
74
What is the function of the middle finger in relation to it being the least mobile?
acts as a stable center
75
The knuckles are formally known as what joint?
metacarpophalangeal joint
76
What is the passive flexion and extension of fingers caused by the muscles surrounding them?
tenodesis
77
What mechanism does tenodesis specifically aid in?
grasping mechanism
78
What is the maximal grip strength achieved without compromising grip endurance?
30-40 degree wrist extension
79

OT 103: Kinesiology (2 decks)

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