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CVS & IBL - Biochemistry 🧪 > L3: Plasma proteins > Flashcards

L3: Plasma proteins Flashcards

1
Q

What is the composition of plasma?

A

Water: 90 %

Inorganic substances: 0.9%

  • Cations: Na+ / K+
  • Anions: Cl / HCO3 / PO4 / SO4

Organic substances: 9.1 %

  • Plasma proteins: (6-8 gm%) (6-8GM/DL)
  • Lipids
  • Others
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2
Q

What is the level of total proteins in plasma?

A

about 7-7.5 g/dl. “dl=100ml”

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3
Q

What is the composition of plasma proteins?

A

Plasma proteins include not only simple proteins but also conjugated proteins as glycoproteins and lipoproteins.

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4
Q

What are the types of plasma proteins?

A

Plasma proteins can be classified into 3 main groups: albumin, globulins (α1, α2, β and y ) and fibrinogen.

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5
Q

Where are plasma proteins synthesized?

A

Most plasma proteins are synthesized in the liver. However, Y globulins “antibodies” are synthesized by plasma cells and B cells of lymphoid tissues.

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6
Q

What is the definition of albumin and what is its levels in blood?

A
  • Is the major human plasma protein (60% of total plasma protein).
  • 3.5-5.5 g/dl
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7
Q

What are the functions of albumin?

A

“Osmotic pressure - carrier - treatment of hemorrhage and burns”

  • Responsible for 70 to 80% of osmotic pressure of human plasma.
  • Helps in transport of several substances e.g., FFA, unconjugated bilirubin, Ca++ and steroid hormones”also carried by globulins”.
  • Certain drugs also bind to albumin, e.g., sulphonamides, aspirin, penicillin and are transported to target tissue.
  • Preparations of human albumin have been widely used in treatment of hemorrhagic shock and burns.
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8
Q

What are alpha-1 globulins? “Markers”

A

α1-acid glycoprotein (orosomucoid)

α1-antitrypsin (α- AT)

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9
Q

What is the function of alpha 1 - acid Glycoproteins (Orosomucoid)?

A

A reliable indicator of acute inflammation. “Its increase”

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10
Q

What is the function of alpha 1 - antitrypsin?

A

It is the principal protease inhibitor (Pi) of human plasma: It inhibits trypsin, elastase and other proteases by forming complexes with them.

  • It is deficient in emphysema.
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11
Q

What are alpha-2 globulins? “Carriers”

A

Haptoglobin

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12
Q

What is the function of haptoglobulin?

A
  • Bind free Hb and minimizes urinary loss of Hb.
  • After binding, Hp-Hb complex circulates in the blood,
    which cannot pass through glomerular filter and ultimately the complex is destroyed by RE cells.
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13
Q

What are beta globulins?

A

β- Lipoproteins (LDL) “bad”

Transferrin “carrier”

C-reactive Protein

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14
Q

What is the function of transferrin?

A

transport of Fe between intestine and site of synthesis of Hb and other Fe containing proteins.

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15
Q

What is the function of C-reactive proteins?

A
  • It precipitates with group C polysaccharide of pneumococci, in the presence of Ca, hence the name.
  • It can bind to T-lymphocytes and can activate complement.
  • Used as a marker of tissue injury & inflammation.
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16
Q

What are gamma globulins?

A

These are immunoglobulins having antibody activity.

17
Q

What is fibrinogen?

A
  • also called clotting factor I,

- as it takes part in coagulation of blood.

18
Q

What are the functions of plasma proteins?

A 
Nutritive
Fluid exchange (colloid osmotic pressure)
Buffering action
Binding and transport function
Blood coagulation and fibrinolysis
Immunological function
Enzymes
Carriage of CO2
19
Q

What is the nutritive function of plasma proteins?

A

contribute amino acids for tissue protein synthesis.

20
Q

How do plasma proteins affect fluid exchange?

A

Regulation of blood volume and tissue fluid formation: plasma proteins exert osmotic pressure across the capillary wall which tend to pull water into the blood.

21
Q

What is the buffering action of plasma proteins?

A

The serum proteins, like other proteins, are amphoteric, they have free acidic (R-COOH) and basic (R-NH2) end so can act as weak acid or base and thus can combine with acids or bases.

22
Q

What do plasma proteins transport?

A

✓ Albumin → binds various ligands (thyroxine, steroids, a a, vitamins and FA).

✓ Haptoglobin→binds extra corpuscular HB

✓ Apolipoproteins → Lipoproteins

✓ Thyroid-binding globulin → binds T3 & T4
✓ Transferrin → transports iron.

✓ Ceruplasmin → copper

✓ Steroid hormone – binding globulin → steroid hormone

✓ Transcobalamin→vit B12 “cobolamin”

23
Q

What is the Immunological function of plasma proteins?

A

Y-globulins protect the body against microbial infections.

24
Q

What is the enzymatic function of plasma proteins?

A

Enzymes are proteins.

25
Q

How do plasma proteins Carry co2?

A

Co2 combines with the amino group of the plasma proteins and is carried as carbamino compounds.

26
Q

What is the most common method of analyzing plasma proteins?

A

Electrophoresis

27
Q

Mention a method used to analyze plasma proteins.

A

Serum protein electrophoresis: By cellulose acetate electrophoresis, the serum can be separated into a number of fractions (albumin, α1, α2, β and γ globulins).

28
Q

What does deficiency of albumin in Cellulose acetate electrophoresis indicates?

A

Nephrotic syndrome or cirrhosis of liver

29
Q

What are acute phase proteins (or reactants)?

A

Levels of certain proteins in plasma increase during acute inflammatory states or secondary to certain types of tissue damage. These proteins are called Acute phase proteins or reactants.

30
Q

What are examples of acute phase proteins?

A

C-reactive protein (CRP)
Haptoglobin (Hp)
α1 antitrypsin
α1 acid glycoprotein (orosomucoid) and fibrinogen

“All studied except LDL and transferrin”

31
Q

What are the causes of hypoproteinemia?

A

 Hemodilution: overload from IV infusion.
 Hypoalbuminemia:
 Hypogammaglobulinemia

32
Q

What are the causes of hypoalbuminemia?

A

Loss from the body:

  • Renal: Loss of albumin in urine in nephrotic syndrome. - - GI Tract: Protein losing enteropathy.
  • Skin: Burns and other exudative skin lesions.

Decreased synthesis of albumin:

  • Severe liver diseases: Chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis liver.
  • Genetic deficiency: Analbuminaemic “rare, the gene responsible”

Miscellaneous: Pregnancy, chronic illness

33
Q

What are the causes of hypogammaglobinemia?

A

✓ Protein loss: Same as above.

✓ Decreased synthesis:
o Primary: Genetic deficiency “very rare”
o Secondary” suppressing the immunity” : Certain toxins/and drugs: uremia, cytotoxic therapy, corticosteroid therapy, AIDS

✓ Miscellaneous: Pregnancy.

34
Q

What are the effects of hypoproteinemia?

A
  • Swelling of face and other parts of the body. “Due to loss of oncotic pressure”
  • Edema L.L. “Due to loss of oncotic pressure”
  • Loss of muscle mass “Deficiency of proteins”
  • Infections “Decreased immunity”
  • Fatigue “Decreased immunity”
  • Dry brittle hair
  • Lack of growth in children.

CVS & IBL - Biochemistry 🧪 (3 decks)

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