L3: Memory and Learning: P1 Flashcards
Define Learning.
Learning is the process of information acquisition.
Define Memory.
Memory is the result of acquired (and stored) information.
Learning and memory can be subdivided into three major hypothetical stages. These are?
- Encoding
- Storage
- Retrieval
Define Encoding.
Encoding is the acquisition and consolidation of information.
Define Storage,
Storage is repersentation of acquired and conolidated information.
Define Retrieval.
Retrieval is the utillisation of stored information to perform specific acts.
What are the four main types of memory?
- Sensory
- Short-term (/working)
- Non-declarative (LTM)
- Declarative (LTM)
What is Sensory memory?
Sensory memory is:
- Short lived (millisecond to seconds),
- Very high capacity,
- Not aware of it,
- Lost due to decay.
What is Short-term (/working) memory?
Short-term(/working) memory:
- Lasts seconds to minutes,
- Limited incapacity (5-9),
- Are aware of it,
- Lost due to decay.
What is Non-declarative memory (LTM)?
Non-declarative memory (LTM) (i.e., like riding a bike).
- Lasts days to years,
- Very high capacity,
- Not aware of it,
- Lost due to interfernce.
What is Declarative memory (LTM)?
Declarative memory (LTM) is:
- Last days to years,
- High capacity,
- We are aware of it,
- Lost due to interference.
What are the three types of Sensory memory?
- Iconic - visual
- Echoic - auditory
- Haptic - sensory
Who developed the Hierarchical model of short-term memory?
Atkinson and Shiffrin.
Describe the different serial processing steps of Atkinson and Shiffrin’s hierarchical model of short-term memory.
- Sensory information enters the information-processing system and is first stored in the sensory register.
- Items that are selected via attentional processes are then moved iniot the short-term memory storage.
- With rehearsal, the items can move into the long-term memory storage.
Who developed the Working model of memory?
Baddeley and Hitch.
What are the three parts of Baddeley and Hitch’s working memory model?
- The central executive
- The phonological loop
- The visuo-spatial sketch pad
Describe the three parts of Baddeley and Hitch’s working memory model.
- The cental exective controls are responsibe for the control and regulation of cognitive processes. It directs focus and targets information.
- The phonological loop deals with sound or phonological information, which is coded acoustically.
- The visuo-spatial sketch pad is the store that holds visual information for manipulation, which is coded visually.
What are the two types of declarative memory?
- Episodic
- Semantic
What three types of memory that are typically described as a non-declarative memory?
- Priming
- Classical conditioning
- Procedural/motor skill learning
What are the brain areas involved in episodic memory?
- Hippocampal complex
- Medial temporal lobe
What are the four medial temporal lobe structures?
- Entorinal cortex
- Subiculum
- Dentate gyrus
- Conru ammonia neuronal fields
What causes Korsakoff’s syndrome?
Korsakoff’s syndrome is caused by extreme alcohol abuse when there is a deficiency of B1 (thiamine).
What are the two things that are damaged in Korsakoff’s sydrome?
- The dorsomedial nucleus (of the thalamus)
- Mammillary bodies
Patient EE suffer from a tumour in his … … …
left angular gyrus.
Patient EE had a digit span of what?
1-2 instead of 5.
Patient EE retained what?
A significant long-term memory
What type of memory was unaffected in Patient H.M?
Sematic memory - as he was able to remember the floor plan of his apartment over a year later.
Prolong thiamine deficiency leads to damage to what?
mammillary bodies and medial temporal lobes
(symptom of Korsakoff’s syndrome)
What is confabulation?
Confabulation is where individuals with Korsakoff’s syndrome cannot remember things properly so they make things up.
What is marked and selective anterograde amnesia and retrograde amnesia a symptom of?
Korsakoff’s syndrome
(symptom of Korsakoff’s syndrome)
What is apathy?
The lack of caring.
Can people who suffer Korsakoff’s syndrome develop dementia?
Yes.
Can people with Korsakoff’s syndrome recognise their own illness?
No, they lack the insight to understand their illness. They don’t seem to know they have an issue.
