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Marine ecology and physiology > L3 Marine Microbes > Flashcards

L3 Marine Microbes Flashcards

1
Q

What has recorded microbial composition for dacades?

A

Continuos plankton recorder, Plymouth.

Filters dragged behind boats, with different mesh sizes. Good resource to find out changes over time.

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2
Q

What is the most common biological agent in the ocean?

A

Viruses

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3
Q

eg marine virus

A

CroV - most complex and largest.

Attacks heteroflagellates

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4
Q

What is the largest PK?

A

Thiomargarita 0.75mm

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5
Q

Why are PK important in ocean?

A

Major role as decomposers, recycle DOM
degrade oil spills
Labile sea foam broken down by PK

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6
Q

draw the microbial loop

A

.

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7
Q

define:
Endophytes
Epipyhtes
Endolithic

A

Endophytes- live inside plants
Epipyhtes - Live on plants
Endolithic - Burrrow into rocks

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8
Q

What pigment do cyanobacteria use?

Where does ph occur?

A

Phycocyanin, over Chl a

folded membranes, not chloroplasts

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9
Q

What is Trichodesmium?

A

Most abundant group of cyanobacteria

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10
Q

Trichodesmium hotspots..

A

can be seen from space

N low regions

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11
Q

A special cell type in Trichodesmium

A

Diazocyte - N fixing

inhibited in presence of O2.

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12
Q

What is the most abundant photosynthesiser?

A

Prochloroccus
type of cyanobacteria
very small, <1/2 micrometer

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13
Q

What is an issue with N fixing bacteria?

A

When they die, N sinks with them to lower levels so N at surface must be replenished.

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14
Q

What other nutrients does Trichodesmium utilise?

A

Phosphonates

Phosphates

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15
Q

What are Crenarcheota?

A

Extremophile archaea capable of transforming ammonia

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16
Q

What is marine snow?

A

stream of particles sinking to depth

Bacteria and archaea embedded in marine snow

17
Q

What is another pigment some bacteria use to capture light energy?

A

Proteorhodopsin

18
Q

3 EK phytoplanktom

A

Diatoms
Dinoflagellates
Coccolithiphores

19
Q

Which EK phytoplankton migrate to depth daily?

A

Dinoflagellates, when nutrients depleted in upper layers go down.

20
Q

How do diatoms stay afloat?

A

Huge extensions of cell aid flotation

21
Q

3 heterotrophic protists

A

Foraminifera - planktonic and benthic
Radiolaria - siliceous sediment formed from shells when dead
Ciliates - can inhabit guts of sea urchins, fish skin or are planktonic.

22
Q

What is a Tintinnid?

A

Heterotrophic protist, ciliate

23
Q

What is the claw hypothesis?

A

There is a homeostatic feedback which balances oceanic phytoplankton and climatic production of DMS

24
Q

What is DMS?

A

Dimethyl sulphide

Flux from sea to air is important in the biogeochamical sulphur cycle

25
Q

How do algae produce DMS?

A

algal metabolite DMSP is considered a major precursor to DMS

26
Q

How may symbiosis have evolved?

A

coevolution of bacteria and hosts.
maybe began association by living alongside host and increasing host chances of survival. Over time became so intimate that host couldn’t survive without it.

27
Q

example of symbiosis` 3

A
  1. Bacteria in Shipworms digest wood as shipworms lack cellulase.
  2. Bioluminescent bacteria are enclosed in photophores . eg Flashlight fish have bioluminescence beneath each eye with shutter mechanism to control emmission of light.
  3. Chemosynthetic bacteria are symbiotic with mussels and clams from hydrothermal vents.
28
Q

Why might protozoans be more impressive than animals?

A

As they are single celled organisms, each cell carries out every function that all the cells in a multicellular animal would carry out.

29
Q

What is a protozoan?

A

AKA protist
Single celled, eukaryotic
Not true animals or plants, different kingdom

30
Q

What are 3 protists?

A

Radiolarians
Ciliates
Foraminiferans

31
Q

Describe Radiolarians

A

Elaborate silica skeletons which form radiolarian ooze due to pressure in deep water.
Spherical with radiating spines

32
Q

Describe Ciliates

A

Use cilia for feeding and movement
some live on gills of clams, fish skin, sea urchin intestines, or attached to substrate
eg Tintinnids, Paramecium.

33
Q

Describe foraminiferans

A

CaCO3 test with several chambers
Retractable pseudopodia (extensions of cytoplasm) protrude through pores in test and trap diatoms.
Many benthic, attached to substrate (<5cm)
Tests form foraminiferan ooze after death.

34
Q

How can foraminiferans be used to detect changes in temperature?

A

identify species in glaciers to determine temperatures back in time.

35
Q

How many species of marine fungi are there?

A

1500, mostly microscopic

36
Q

What ecosystem roles do fungi have?

A

Important decomposers of cellulose eg mangrove leaves, driftwood, detritus that accumulates in blooms.
Nutrient recycling in estuaries.
Parasites of seagrass

37
Q

How do fungi affect economy and human life?

A

Possible source of antibiotics

Cause economically damaging diseases.

Marine ecology and physiology (15 decks)

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