L3 - Contact with Outsiders Flashcards
What happened in 1642 in Wave 1?
A Dutch sailor - Abel Tasman visited Tonga
What happened in 1721 in Wave 1?
Jacob Roggeveen was the 1st European to describe Samoa
What happened in 1768 in Wave 1?
A French man - Louis de Bougainville, named Samoa ‘The Navigator Islands’
What happened in 1787 in Wave 1?
- Jean-Francois La Perouse, a French naval officer & explorer landed in Tutuila (Fagasa bay).
- 1st recorded acts of violence against visitors
Describe or explain what happened or occurred in Wave 1 in Samoa
Wave 1 consists of explorers visiting or coming to Samoa. These explorers were of different nationalities & came in different years:
- 1642: A Dutch sailor - Abel Tasman visited Tonga
- 1721: Jacob Roggeveen was the 1st European to describe Samoa.
- 1768: A French man - Louis de Bougainville named Samoa ‘The Navigator Islands’
- 1787: A French naval officer & explorer who landed in Tutuila (Fagasa bay). The first acts of violence against visitors were first recorded during this period.
Explain what happened with Jean-Francis La Perouse. What was his relationship with Samoa like?
Jean-Francis La Perouse was a French naval officer & explorer who was assigned by King Louis XVI (16) to lead an expedition around the world with objectives such as:
- completing the Pacific discoveries of Capt. James Cook
- correct maps
- establish trade & maritime routes
- enrich French scientific & naval collections
Jean-Francis La Perouse and his crew of 220 men sailed on 2 ships (Astrolabe & Boussole) and traveled to many countries such as Russia, Tonga, Australia, Korea etc.
On December 6, 1787 - La Perouse sailed into Samoa, Tutuila, at Fagasa Bay and started out with having a positive or good relationship with Samoans. However, on December 11, 1787 - La Perouse and his men were attacked by Samoans and there were fatalities on both sides.
In 1861, what did George Turner (LMS missionary) write about the effect of the La Perouse massacre?
“….branded the whole group for 50 years as a race of treacherous savages, whose shore ought not to be approached” (1861)
Define Beachcombers
- Individuals who escaped, deserted, kidnapped, or released from whaling/sailing/trading vessels.
- They became dependent on the beach for their livelihood, searching or combing the sand for trinkets to trade.
- They often became settlers, started families & took on other roles in Samoa.
Describe or explain Wave 2 in Samoa
Wave 2 consists of whalers, traders & beachcombers.
- From 1780: whalers & sailors from Asia, North America & Europe converged on the Pacific, often visiting Samoa for water, food, & repairs due to the returning far distances from their countries or homes.
- From 1800: traders crossed the Pacific on their way to Australia to trade whale products, timber, & sea cucumber.
- There was a sharp decline in the 1850s
What happened in 1806 in Wave 2?
1st documented beachcomber in Manu’a, an Englishman who came to Samoa by way of Tonga.
What happened in 1820 in Wave 2?
An Irish man named Tom lived in Manono
List 5 names that were written in John William’s journals in 1830 (Wave 2).
- Ripley
- Jennings
- Curry
- Coffin
- Pereira
- Stowers
Who is Eli Hutchinson Jennings? What did he do?
- He is an American whaler & boat builder who arrived in Samoa around 1840 on a US whaleboat.
- He famously built 2 taumualua in 1849 for the armies of Aana & Atua, in opposition to Malietoa.
- He married Malia (daughter of high chief in Lefaga) & moved to Swain’s Island with his wife & 6 kids.
- He claimed ownership of Swain’s Island, after purchasing the island from Captain Turnbull at a cost of 15 shillings per acre & a bottle of gin.
15 shillings = approx. $2 tala
What was Swain’s Island?
(Wave 2)
An atoll of about 1.5 km2 in Tokelau which it was politically administered by the US as a part of American Samoa since 1980.
It primarily functioned as a copra plantation.
Swain’s Island is aka?
Olohega or Olosega
Swain’s Island primarily functioned as a?
Copra plantation
Explain the Jennings Political Legacy
The son - Eli Junior started a copra plantation in which he became one of the wealthiest men in the Pacific. Also, Jennings & his son supported blackbirding in which it depopulated several surrounding Tokelau atolls.
Define blackbirding
The act or practice of kidnapping people, especially Pacific Islanders, and selling them into slavery abroad.
Describe the structure & function of the Taumualua.
- A boat with 2 bow-shaped ends.
- Single hull (outer body) which is made of planks with raised edges.
- The featured raised projections at both ends are ornamented with shells.
- There were no outriggers
- Sailed as boats that were propelled with paddles, with the crew facing the bow.
- It was lashed together without the use of nails.
- It always featured a figurehead carved into the projection in the prow of the boat.
Function - used in battles
Who built the Samoan Taumualua & in what year?
It was built by Eli Hutchinson Jennings (former whaler & boat builder) in 1849.
How has the Samoan taumualua changed or evolved?
It has evolved into a longer, lower & narrower version that is now called a Fautasi boat.
What is the Wilkes Expedition (1838 - 1842) in Wave 3?
(Wave 3 - Military/Governance)
- Aka the United States exploring expedition that was done throughout 1838 - 1842.
- Purpose: To survey the Pacific Ocean & surrounding lands.
- This expedition was done by a team of naturalists, scientists, botanists, taxidermists & artists with LT. Charles Wilkes being the leader. They traveled with 6 various-sized ships.
State the positive feedback of Wilkes on Samoa
Samoan people are:
- kind
- good-humored
- intelligent
- fond of amusements
- desirous of pleasing
- very hospitable
State the negative feedback of Wilkes on Samoa
Samoan people are:
- indolent (lazy)
- covetous (greedy)
- fickle (inconsistent)
- deceitful
- irresponsible (little reliance can be placed upon them)
LMS long form
London Mission Society
When was LMS / Lotu Ta’iti established & by who?
Est. in Samoa in 1830 by John Williams
Who accepted LMS and what was his belief?
LMS was accepted by Malietoa Vainuupo, when he died in 1841- he surrendered all his titles to his faifeau.
He believed this fulfilled the prophesy of Nafanua to Malietoa Fitisemanu that the head of the government would arrive later.
Who is John Williams?
1st LMS missionary that traveled from Tahiti on the ‘Messenger of Peace’ and landed in Sapapali’i in 1830.
He spent about a month overall in Samoa & then was killed in PNG but buried in Apia.
What was the London Missionary Society (LMS)?
- It was formed in late 1795 in London
- Founded by missionaries from various religious sectors: Anglican, Reformists, Baptists, Protestants, Methodists & Presbyterians.
- Purpose: To spread the gospel around the world.
- 1st Pacific landing was in Tahiti in 1795
Give examples of tradesmen who turned into missionaries
- John Williams: ironworker/blacksmith
- Matthew Hunkin: sailor turned beachcomber
- George Appleton: artist
- Henry Gibbons: sailor/whaler
- George Pratt: chemist
When was the Methodist/Lotu Toga established & by who?
Came to Samoa via Tonga & was est. by Peter Turner in 1835 via an American whale boat.
Catholic Church / Lotu Pope
- Landed when? Who came? From where?
- Landed in Falealupo on 25 May 1845
- French priests: Foudaire, Violette/Lutovi’o & Silipele.
- They came from Uvea (Wallis)
How did Samoa welcome the Catholic Church / Lotu Pope?
Samoans were resistant at first due to LMS & Methodist tactics
Explain the Christianizing of Samoa
- Commitment of Samoans to written language
- Samoan alphabets were developed
- The Holy Bible was translated into Samoa
- LMS set up Samoa’s 1st printing press & generated the 1st newspaper ‘O Le Sulu’
- Converted & trained native missionaries/pastors
Pre-16th century was controlled by?
- Tuimanu’a
- Tuia’ana
- Tuiatua
In the 16th century/since Salamasina - Papa/Tafa’ifa
- Tuia’ana
- Tuiatua
- Tamasoalii
- Gatoaitele
19th Century - Tama’aiga
- Malietoa
- Mata’afa
- Tuimalealiifano
- Tupua Tamasese
Explain the Legacy of Contact
- Settlers: accidental, settlers to Samoa, introducing hybridizing factors to the people & culture.
- Social Institutions: new God, new language, new lifeways.
- Commerce: tools, products & endless potential for trade, exchange & commercial again.
- Governance: whalers & explorers were actively protected by their country’s military, introducing foreign governments to the Pacific.
What is the Sio Vili Movement?
When Sio Vili (reformed Samoan sailor) tried to introduce Christianity in the 1820s.
