L3 - Adult Stem Cells Flashcards
Describe what is known at the 32 cell stage
Cells on the outside known they are differnet
OUter cells become ______
Inner cells become _____
Trophectoderm
Embryo
Cells which are taken from the inner cell mass and are cultured are known as
Embryonic stem cells
Two properites of stem cells
Endless self-renewal
Differentiation to multiple lineages and fates
Why do SCs need to self renew
To maintain stem cell pool
Why do SCs need to differentiate
In order to replace dead or damaged cells through life
OR add new cells to increase size or generate cells needed at a specific time point
Describe the location of
Embryonic SCs
Adult SCs
Inner cell mass of the blastocyst
Tissues of the body
eSCs are
Pluripotent
Why arent eSCs used in medicine? What are used
Increased likely hood of rejection since they will have a different genetic make up
iPS cells used
Define undifferentiated
Describing a cell which has not yet acquired special struutre of function pertaining to an immature or primitive cell
Functions of adult stem cells (3)
Maintain cell populations
Help with healing process
Play a role in ageing
What is cellular homeostasis
Maintenacne of cell numbers - a balance of proliferation and death
Name some types of adult stem cells
Haematopoetic Mesenchymal Epithelial Muscle Neural
How are adult stem cells prevented from differentiating
Residing in a niche - specialise microenvironment
How many adult stem cells be kept in a niched
Anchored using cell adhesion molecules or throguh receptor-ligand interactions
Describe signalling in the niche
Rich blood supply
Dense neuronal supply
What two lineages to HSCS give rise to
Myeloid
Lymphoid
Cells of the myeloid lineage
Monocytes Macrophages Neutro/baso/eosinophils Erythrocytes Megakaryocytes/platelts Dendritic cells
Cells of the lymphoid lineage
T/B/NK cells
What cycling occurs in the HSC niche
Stem cells cycle between active and quiescent forms
Muscle stem cells are
Satellite cells
Where are satellite cells found
Outside of the muscle fibre - under the basal lamina
What will mesenchymal stem cells dif into
Chrondrocytes
Myocytes
Adpiocytes
Epithelial cells
Epithelial stem cells give rise to
Epithelia - responsible for the covering of internal and external surfaces of the body
What are the three main brain areas where neural stem cells can be found
Subventricular zone
Subgranular zone
Hypothalamus
What process determines the final shape autonomic nervous system size of an organism
Growth
Explai the limitations of cell patterning events
Cell patterning events such as the action of morphogens usually occurs over a limited range of no more than 100 cell diameters
