L3 - Adult Stem Cells

Question 1

Describe what is known at the 32 cell stage

Answer 1

Cells on the outside known they are differnet

Question 2

OUter cells become ______

Inner cells become _____

Answer 2

Trophectoderm

Embryo

Question 3

Cells which are taken from the inner cell mass and are cultured are known as

Answer 3

Embryonic stem cells

Question 4

Two properites of stem cells

Answer 4

Endless self-renewal

Differentiation to multiple lineages and fates

Question 5

Why do SCs need to self renew

Answer 5

To maintain stem cell pool

Question 6

Why do SCs need to differentiate

Answer 6

In order to replace dead or damaged cells through life

OR add new cells to increase size or generate cells needed at a specific time point

Question 7

Describe the location of

Embryonic SCs
Adult SCs

Answer 7

Inner cell mass of the blastocyst

Tissues of the body

Question 8

eSCs are

Answer 8

Pluripotent

Question 9

Why arent eSCs used in medicine? What are used

Answer 9

Increased likely hood of rejection since they will have a different genetic make up

iPS cells used

Question 10

Define undifferentiated

Answer 10

Describing a cell which has not yet acquired special struutre of function pertaining to an immature or primitive cell

Question 11

Functions of adult stem cells (3)

Answer 11

Maintain cell populations
Help with healing process
Play a role in ageing

Question 12

What is cellular homeostasis

Answer 12

Maintenacne of cell numbers - a balance of proliferation and death

Question 13

Name some types of adult stem cells

Answer 13

Haematopoetic 
Mesenchymal 
Epithelial 
Muscle 
Neural

Question 14

How are adult stem cells prevented from differentiating

Answer 14

Residing in a niche - specialise microenvironment

Question 15

How many adult stem cells be kept in a niched

Answer 15

Anchored using cell adhesion molecules or throguh receptor-ligand interactions

Question 16

Describe signalling in the niche

Answer 16

Rich blood supply

Dense neuronal supply

Question 17

What two lineages to HSCS give rise to

Answer 17

Myeloid

Lymphoid

Question 18

Cells of the myeloid lineage

Answer 18

Monocytes 
Macrophages 
Neutro/baso/eosinophils 
Erythrocytes 
Megakaryocytes/platelts 
Dendritic cells

Question 19

Cells of the lymphoid lineage

Answer 19

T/B/NK cells

Question 20

What cycling occurs in the HSC niche

Answer 20

Stem cells cycle between active and quiescent forms

Question 21

Muscle stem cells are

Answer 21

Satellite cells

Question 22

Where are satellite cells found

Answer 22

Outside of the muscle fibre - under the basal lamina

Question 23

What will mesenchymal stem cells dif into

Answer 23

Chrondrocytes
Myocytes
Adpiocytes
Epithelial cells

Question 24

Epithelial stem cells give rise to

Answer 24

Epithelia - responsible for the covering of internal and external surfaces of the body

Question 25

What are the three main brain areas where neural stem cells can be found

Answer 25

Subventricular zone
Subgranular zone
Hypothalamus

Question 26

What process determines the final shape autonomic nervous system size of an organism

Answer 26

Growth

Question 27

Explai the limitations of cell patterning events

Answer 27

Cell patterning events such as the action of morphogens usually occurs over a limited range of no more than 100 cell diameters