L3- Acute and chronic inflammation

Question 1

What are myeloid immune cells?

Answer 1

• Dendritic cells
• Mast cell
• Platelet
• Erythrocyte
• Eosinophil
• Neutrophil
• Monocyte-Macrophage
• Basophil

Question 2

What are lymphoid immune cells?

Answer 2

• Dendritic cells
• Natural killer cells
• T cells
• B cells- Plasma cells

Question 3

What are serous inflammatory exudates?

Answer 3

Mainly plasma, low in protein

Occurring in early or mild inflammation

Question 4

What are fibrinous inflammatory exudates?

Answer 4

High fibrin concentrations, forming a thick viscous mesh which can only be removed by fibrinolytic enzymes
Failure of removal results in the influx of fibroblasts and scar tissue formation

Question 5

What are purulent inflammatory exudates?

Answer 5

Containing pus (remains of leukocytes)

Question 6

What are haemorrhagic inflammatory exudates?

Answer 6

Associated with damage to blood vessels, occurs with other types of exudate

Question 7

What are catarrhal inflammatory exudates?

Answer 7

Mucus hyper-secretion accompanying inflammation of a mucus membrane

Question 8

What is acute inflammation?

Answer 8

Vascular responses promoting oedema

Question 9

What is vasoactive mediator-induced injury?

Answer 9

• Chemical mediators producing endothelial contraction e.g histamines, leukotrienes, C3a, C5a
• Chemical mediators promoting vasodilation and leakage of fluid from vessels e.g histamines, prostaglandins, NO
• Direct injury to endothelium by trauma or burns

Question 10

What are TLR’s?

Answer 10

Toll-Like receptors that recognise pathogenic antigens
• TLR3 and TLR7,8,9 are inside cells
• TLR1,2,4,5,6,are on cell membrane

Question 11

What are DAMP’s?

Answer 11

AKA Alarmins
Tissue injury releases fragments and substances that bind to receptors
Necrotic cells release substances that also bind to receptors to activate them

Question 12

How does resolution of inflammation occur?

Answer 12

Macrophages release growth factors to form new blood vessels, recruitment of fibroblasts for repair

Question 13

What are the four types of hypersensitivity reactions?

Answer 13

1. Immediate- allergic reaction
2. Antibody mediated
3. Immune complex (of antibodies)
4. T cell mediated

Question 14

What cytokines do monocytes release?

Answer 14

• IFN-g= killing of microbes
• IL-4= tissue repair, barrier immunity
• IL-10= anti-inflammatory, wound healing after infection

Question 15

When does chronic inflammation arise?

Answer 15

• Persistent infections
• Prolonged exposure to exogenous or endogenous toxic agents
• Auto-immunity