L28 - Vaccines: Bacterial and Viral

Question 1

When is Rotavirus vaccine given?

Answer 1

Rotavirus (causes diarrhoea and sickness in babies) is an oral live vaccine given by syringe into the babies mouth

Question 2

When is MMR Live attenuated vaccine given?

Answer 2

MMR live attenuated vaccine. Given at 1 year but also 3 years and 4 months.

Question 3

What does the 4-in-1 pre-school booster include?

Answer 3

4-in-1 pre-school booster: tetanus, diptheria, whooping cough, polio

Question 4

What does the 3-in-1 teenage booster include?

Answer 4

3-in-1 teenage booster: tetanus, diptheria, polio

Question 5

What vaccine is given in the UK at 65 years old?

Answer 5

Pneumococcal (PPV) vaccine

Flu Vaccine

Question 6

What vaccine is given in the UK at 70 years old and why?

Answer 6

Shingles vaccine

Shingles is caused by the chickenpox virus - skin rash, can also cause enduring nerve pain (post-herpetic neuralgia)

Following chickenpox (usually as a child) the virus can remain dormant in spinal nerve cells for decades and be reactivated to give the condition of shingles

Shingles often occurs with reduction in function of immune system (eg old age)

Question 7

What 2 vaccines are given for shingles?

Answer 7

Two vaccines: Zostavax (live attenuated) and Shingrix (recombinant sub-unit)

Question 8

Describe the Hib/MenC vaccine in the UK?

Answer 8

HiB/MenC combined vaccine given at 1 year. tradename Menitorix. MenC is conjugated bacterial polysaccharide conjugated to tetanus toxoid

Question 9

Describe the Men ACWY vaccine in the UK?

Answer 9

Men ACWY – 14 years. Two available in UK tradenames Menveo and Nimenrix.

Menveo consists of polysaccharides from A,C,W-135, Y conjugated to diptheria toxoid.

In Nimenrix they are conjugated to tetanus toxoid

Question 10

Describe the Flu Vaccine composition?

Answer 10

Vaccines are usually quadrivalent containing two sub-types of Influenza A and 2 of Influenza B. Vaccine will change each year based on WHO recommendation for predominant circulating strains

All but one vaccine in UK are inactivated. Grown either in embryonated hens’ eggs or in cell culture and then inactivated

The one vaccine which is live attenuated is trademark Fluenz Tetra® given as a nasal spray. Attenuated so that it can only replicate in the cold – in nasal passages but not the rest of the body

Question 11

Describe the Pneumococcal Polysacharride vaccine?

Answer 11

A polysaccharide vaccine

The polysaccharides from 23 serotypes used in vaccine (PPV)
for at risk adults and children over the age of 2

Children under 2 can’t make a long-lasting protective immune response
to polysaccharide vaccines so they need a conjugated vaccine

Question 12

Describe the Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine

Answer 12

Polysaccharides from 13 most common capsule types

Conjugated to diptheria toxoid

Question 13

Describe the HPV Vaccine?

Answer 13

Two licensed vaccines:

Cervarix: protects against HPV 16,18

Gardasil: protects against HPV 6,11,16,18 - used now. Protects against genital warts and cervical cancer.

Gardasil: subunit vaccine consisting of recombinant capsid L1 protein of 6,11,16,18 expressed in yeast which self-assemble into Virus Like Particles