L26 Introduction to the Blood Flashcards
what is the volume of blood in the human body?
5L
what is the function of the arteries, veins and arteriols/venules/capillaries?
artery = takes oxygenated blood away from the heart to organ and tissues.
vein = returns deoxygenated blood from the organs and tissues to the heart.
arterioles/venules/capillaries = small BV in organs/tissues which have a small diameter so have a high blood-tissue interaction
what are the functions of the blood? [6]
- hydration of tissues/organs
- delivers oxygen/nutrients to tissues
- fights infection; innate and adaptive immune responses
- regulated body temp and pH
- distribution of (endocrine) hormones
- prevents its own blood loss
what does blood deliver?
glucose, aa, fatty acids, vitamins, minerals, oxygen, regulating signals eg hormones, collects waste from tissue cells and delivers to organs for disposal (kidneys/lung), distributes heat
where does the energy from erythrocytes come from if they have no mitochondria?
Energy comes from glucose and anaerobic glycolysis
No mitochondria means the oxygen isn’t being used up in respiration
name some white blood cells that contribute to immune response. which ones are granular and which are agranular?
agranular:
- lymphocyte
- monocyte
granular:
- eosinophil
- basophil
- neutrophil
(also platelets)
what is endocrine secretion?
give 4 examples of endocrine hormones with their endocrine glands.
endocrine secretion = secreted into blood stream to distant target
insulin - beta cells in pancreas
oestrogen, progesterone and testosterone - ovary/testes
vasopressin - posterior pituitary lobe
adrenalin - adrenal medulla
what are platelets?
small anucleate blood cells that clump together. they have a resting (flat) state and an activated (rounder with arms) state
which one common progenitor cell are all blood cells derived from and where is this cell found?
the multipotential haematopoietic stem cell in the bone marrow
what are the 2 major lineages from the multipotential haematopoietic stem cell and which cells arise from these 2 lineages?
multipotential haematopoietic stem cell –> common myeloid progenitor and common lymphoid progenitor (bone marrow).
common myeloid progenitor –> megakaryocyte + myeloblast (bone marrow). + mast cell (tissues) + erythrocyte (blood).
megakaryocyte –> platelets (blood/lymph)
myeloblast –> basophil, neutrophil, eosinophil and monocyte (blood/lymph). monocyte –> macrophage (tissues)
common lymphoid progenitor –> natural killer cell + small lymphocyte (both blood/lymph)
small lymphocyte –> T lymphocyte + B lymphocyte/ B lymphocyte –> plasma cell
what percentage of the blood volume does the blood plasma make up and what are the most abundant plasma proteins?
makes up 55% of blood volume and contains components of coagulation and immune system
proteins:
- albumin (35-50g/L)(60-70%)
- immunoglobulins (15g/L)
- fibrinogen (3-5 g/L)
albumin is a “filler” - it contributes to osmotic pressure in blood but also is a critical transporter of insoluble items in blood eg of fatty acids
what is the difference between blood plasma and blood serum?
blood serum = plasma - clotting factors
blood plasma = serum + clotting factors + clotting inhibitor
what are the 4 main blood groups and their prevalence (in the caucasian population)?
A = 42 %. A antigens on RBC, anti-B antibodies in plasma
B = 10 %. B antigens on RBC, anti-A antibodies in plasma
O = 44 %. no antigens, both anti-A and anti-B antibodies in plasma
AB = 4 %. both A and B antigens. no antibodies.
O = universal donor AB = universal recipient
what are agglutinogens and what is agglutinin?
agglutinogen = like antigen that lies on RBC surface. can stimulate production of agglutinin
agglutinin = antibody. can cause agglutination (aggregation + lysis of incompatible RBC). they bind to agglutinogens
which groups are universal donors/recipients for RBC transfusion and blood plasma transfusion?
RBC:
O - universal donor
AB - universal recipient
blood plasma:
AB - universal donor
O - universal recipient
