L22 - exocrine glands Flashcards
which exocrine glands are made of simple acinar cells?
paraurethral glands
which exocrine glands are made of simple branched acinar cells?
sebaceous glands
which exocrine glands are made of simple tubular cells?
intestinal glands
which exocrine glands are made of simple coiled tubular cells?
sweat glands
which exocrine glands are made of simple branched tubular cells?
glands of the stomach and duodenal glands
which exocrine glands are made of compound acinar cells?
pancreas and parotid glands
which exocrine glands are made of compound tubular cells?
bulbourethral glands
which exocrine glands are made of compound tubuloacinar cells?
submandibular and sublingual glands
young female patient presents with painful lump in external genitalia.
name the dx, tx plan
bartholin cyst
obstructed duct leads to cyst-like collection proximal to duct obstruction
abx and I&D
Sjogren syndrome
autoimmune, women, 50-60yo
sx included dry eyes and mouth + enlarged parotid
salivary and lacrimal glands infiltrated with T cells, leading to fibrotic glands, a hyperplastic duct system and thus impaired secretions
treatment: ab to ribonucleoproteins SS-a (Ro) and SS-b (La)
how can you distinguish between parotid and pancreas?
parotid is purely serous, +striated cells, NO centroacinar cells
pancreas is +centroacinar cells, NO striated cells
both have acinar cells
describe pancreatic gland cells and ducts
compound acinar ducts with intercalated lobule, no striated lobules
contains centoracinar cells making up islet of Langerhans
intralobular
describe sublingual gland cells and ducts
compound tubuloacinar duct
mixed (mucous and serous - mostly mucous with serous demilunes)
intralobular (less developed)
what’s the difference between conventional and rapid freezing
rapid freezing shows serous cells found between mucous cells (normal)
conventional fixation shows serous cells pushed to the periphery (cap) with cytoplasmic extensions remaining between the mucus cells
describe parotid gland cells and ducts
compound acinar acidophilic
purely serous
intralobular (intercalated and striated)
accumulates adipocyes with age
describe submandibular gland cells and ducts
compound tubuloaciar
mixed (mucous and serous but primarily serous)
intralobular (short intercalacted, prominent striated)
clear mucus cells with acidophilic serous cell “cap” - serous demilune - artifact of conventional fixation
rapid or conventional fixation
what are exocrine and endocrine glands derived from?
epithelia
what do prostatic adenocarcinomas look like histologically?
benign cells stain lightly
malignant cells stain dark and are smaller
what is the difference in hormone release between exocrine and endocrine?
endocrine glands make and release hormones, transported by ECF (paracrine or autocrine) or by blood
exocrine glands have epithelial-lined ducts where secretions can be modified and transmitted through
what are the three ways exocrine glands are classified?
type of secretion, mode of secretion and cell number
describe the four different exocrine gland classifications by secretion.
- mucous - secrete mucinogens which become mucin when hydrated
- serous - watery secretions with enzymes
- mixed - serous and mucous, ex: submandibular and sublingual
- sebaceous - waxy oily sebum
describe the histological qualities of mucinogen
large PAS+ glycosylated proteins
describe histological qualities of sebaceous cells
clear cytoplasm, rounded centrally located nuclei
describe acne vulgaris histologically and explain the progression of the condition.
hair shaft penetrates the follicle leading to inflammatory and fibrotic response
- inflammatory cells that are small basophilic specs
- giant cells
- fibroblasts
- collagen made in inflammatory state = acidophilic areas
how do mucous and serous cells stain on a mixed gland slide?
mucous stains lighter with a clear cytoplasm, columnar cells with basally located, flattened nucleus
serous stains dark, intensely acidophilic cytoplasm, round nucleus
goblet cells, what are they and how do they look on a slide?
unicellular gland associated with brush border
rounded PAS+ cells (apical glycoprotein storage)
basal “tail” (synthesized machinery) that focally contacts basal lamina
describe the three classifications of exocrine glands by mode of secretion.
- merocrine - no loss of plasma membrane or cytoplasm
- apocrine - loss of the apical part of the cell membrane/cytoplasm with secretion
- holocrine - loss of the entire cell with secretion, requires mitosis to replace
describe the 6 classifications composing multicellular exocrine glands
sheets - tightly packed cells, ex: mucus sheets in stomach for protection
simple - secretion released into a single, unbranched excretory duct to the epithelial surface
compound - secretion is released into branched ducts which converge into a single duct to the surface
acinar/alveolar - secretory cells are arranged in cluster around common lumen
tubular - secretory cells are arranged in a tube, may be arranged in coiled tube
duct - area of non-secretory cells through which secretions travel
intralobular duct, and describe the 2 types seen on a slide
found in lobule of exocrine gland,
intercalated - flattened cuboidal cells, smaller, more central nuclei that take up most of cell
striated - cuboidal-columnar, apical nuclei, acidophilic striated basal mitochrondria (might not see striations)
interlobular duct
in CT septa between lobules
these receive interlobular ducts and drain the duct lobes
myoepithelial cells (basket cells)
contractile - have actin/myosin
derived from epithelium - cytokeratin
surround secretory units of multicellular glands and small ducts, share their BL, connect to epithelial cells by desmosomes and gap junctions
when they contract, gland secretes
