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ZZZ Bella Neuro 2.0 > L2.1 Motor Control > Flashcards

L2.1 Motor Control Flashcards

1
Q

Generally speaking, what is a motor skill?

A

A skill where the quality of movement is important, e.g. throwing a dart

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2
Q

Generally speaking, what is a cognitive skill?

A

A skill where the decision or strategy is more important than the quality of the movement, e.g. moving a chess piece

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3
Q
A
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4
Q
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5
Q

What happens at the dorsal horn? (Grey matter)

A

Where sensory neurons enter the spinal cord and synapse onto interneurons and projection neurons

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6
Q

What happens at the anterior, lateral, and posterior fasciculus?

A

Areas where information travels up and down the spinal cord

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7
Q

The ventral horn of grey matter contains what? (basic answer)

A

Motor neurons

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8
Q

The intermediate grey matter of the spinal cord contains? (basic answer)

A

Autonomic innervations

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9
Q

Why are there swellings in the ventral horns of grey matter at the C5, C8, L5, and S4 levels of the spinal cord?

A

These levels contribute to large plexuses, and thus have a large amount of motor neurons exiting.

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10
Q

Sensory input neurons can terminate anywhere in which laminae layers?

A
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11
Q

What does decussate mean?

A

To cross to the other side, usually in an X shape

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12
Q

Define a reflex arc

A

A predictable, involuntary, stereotyped response to sensory input

Sensory information enters the spinal cord dorsally and synapses on interneurons or motor neurons directly to form a reflex arc

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13
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A
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14
Q

What does somatotopic map mean in relation to the spinal cord?

A

There is an order to where neurons lie in the spinal cord, it is not random or chaotic

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15
Q

In the somatotopic organisation of the spinal cord, flexors are more _____ than extensors

A

More dorsal

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16
Q

In the somatotopic organisation of the spinal cord, axial muscles are more ____ to distal muscles

A

More medial

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17
Q

Which type of motor unit actually makes the body move?

A

Alpha motor unit

18
Q

What is the anatomical classification of a motor unit?

What is the physiological classification of a motor unit?

A

Anatomical: Single alpha motor neuron plus the muscle fibres it innervates

Physiological: Coordination between motor neuron and muscle fibres in accordance with its function, e.g. biochemical and neural specialisations

19
Q

What functional subclassifications of a motor unit are there?

A
20
Q

All skeletal muscle, except a few in the head, contract in response to being stretched.

This simple reflex involves a 2 neuronal pathway, and is known as?

A

Myotatic/stretch reflex

21
Q

Describe a basic stretch reflex in relation to the patella tendon

A
22
Q

In regards to a stretch reflex, what is the purpose of reciprocal inhibition?

A

Basically, if a stretch reflex is triggered, and a response is required (such as contracting the quadriceps), then the antagonistic muscle group (hamstings) should also be inhibited by the same relex, or otherwise, the body will be fighting itself

23
Q

Generally speaking, where are the muscle spindles monitoring stretch located?

What are they known as?

A

Within the middle 1/3 of the muscle

Intrafusal muscle fibres

24
Q

What type of fusal muscle fibre produces power and makes movement?

A

Extrafusal

25
Q

There are two types of intrafusal muscle fibres that monitor stretch within muscles.

What is the name of the thinner one, and what is the name of the larger/broader one?

A

Thinner: Nuclear chain fibres

Larger/broader: Nuclear bag fibres

26
Q

There are 2 types of sensory endings on the muscle spindle fibres, what are they and where do they mostly go to?

A

Primary endings (group 1a): Single large neuron that ends on the centre of all fibres but mostly Nuclear Bag Fibres

Secondary endings (group II): few smaller neurons that end mainly on Nuclear Chain Fibres either side of the central zone

27
Q

Primary endings (group 1a) mostly synapse on Nuclear Bag Fibres; what is their role with regards to stretch?

A

They are sensitive to the onset of stretch but discharge at a slower rate during stretch - dynamic changes in stretch

28
Q

Secondary endings (group II) end mainly on Nuclear Chain Fibres; what is their role with regards to stretch?

A

They are not as sensitive at the onset of stretch but they remain active during stretch - steady stretch

29
Q

What type of muscle fibres do alpha motor neurons innervate?

A

Extrafusal muscle fibres

30
Q

What is the purpose of gamma motor neurons innervating intrafusal muscle spindles?

A

Well, definitely not to generate significant force.

When a muscle is contracted, it shortens, which lessens the stretch placed on it and silences the muscle spindles. To compensate, gamma motor neurons generate some tension to return sensitivity to muscle spindles

31
Q

What is muscle tone? What causes it?

A
32
Q

Damage to either alpha motor units, or any part of the muscle spindle feedback, will cause?

A

Hypotonia/flaccidity

33
Q

Where are Golgi tendon organs found?

A

Interspersed in the collagen of musculotendinous junctions

34
Q

What type of sensory neurons attach to Golgi tendon organs?

A

Primary endings (Group 1b)

35
Q

1b sensory fibre endings are wound into?

A

Collagen in musculotendinous junctions around Golgi tendon organs

36
Q
A

Golgi tendon organ

37
Q

What do Golgi tendon organs monitor?

A

Muscle tension, detected by increased tension within the tendons. Necessary for when fine adjustments are required, like holding an egg

They are stimulated by tension pulled on their long axis (parallel to muscle fibre orientation/line of pull of muscle)

38
Q

What can activation of the Golgi tendon organ lead to?

How can this be silenced?

A

Detects increased muscle tension, can lead to inhibition of alpha motor neuron and, subsequently, relaxation of the muscle (Oh know I’m working too hard, better cut this out).

Can be overridden by the descending pathway - e.g. when trying to lift a heavy weight/load and generate a large amount of force

39
Q

What is the withdrawal reflex?

A
40
Q

What is the crossed extensor reflex?

A

ZZZ Bella Neuro 2.0 (6 decks)

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