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Genetics > L21 model organisms for studying development > Flashcards

L21 model organisms for studying development Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is developmental biology?

A
  1. study the process which organisms grow and develop
  2. focus on growth, differentiation, morphogenesis (creation of shape)
  3. understanding congenital malformations
  4. understanding regeneration, repair, ageing and cancer
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2
Q

when is it called an embryo?

A

at 8 weeks

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3
Q

when is it called a foetus?

A

at 12 weeks

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4
Q

when is the developmental period in mammals?

A

from fertilisation to birth (differs between other classes of animals)

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5
Q

what is an embryo?

A

the developing organism (foetus once fully formed) develops from a single cell to a complex animal with trillions of cells that has to function before it is fully formed

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6
Q

what is differentiation?

A

how a single cell gives rise to hundreds of different types

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7
Q

what is morphogenesis?

A

how cells form ordered structures to build tissues, organs and organisms

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8
Q

what is growth?

A

how our cells know when to divide and when to stop

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9
Q

what are the 3 general approaches to studying development?

A
  1. anatomical
  2. physical manipulation
  3. genetic
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10
Q

what is a model organism?

A

a well established experimental biological system

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11
Q

what are humans more similar to?

A

The mouse more than a fly or worm

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12
Q

what gene is responsible for eye development?

A

the Pax6 gene

- can trigger eye development in Drosophila

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13
Q

what are the 2 key molecules in eye development?

A
  1. opsins

2. crystallins - formation of the lens

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14
Q

what gene is responsible for cardiac evolution?

A

Nkx2.5 gene

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15
Q

what happens when the Nkx2.5 is mutated?

A
  1. causes a small heart with small chambers in mice

2. causes holes in the heart in humans

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16
Q

what was the last common ancestor of humans and flies?

A

Ikaria wariootia

17
Q

characteristics of ikaria wariootia

A
  1. worm like structure
  2. oldest known bilaterian (550 million yrs old)
  3. size of rice grain
  4. no limbs, eyes, heart ( did have ancestral genes to make these complex structures)
18
Q

what is temporo-spatial colinearity?

A

the oder of genes on a chromosome corresponding to the order of expression during development and placing on the body

19
Q

why is Drosophila useful?

A
  1. genome sequenced
  2. most genes homologous to mammals
  3. mutants available (X- ray and chemically induced)
  4. short life cycle
  5. many easily accessed larvae
  6. understand the basic gene networks that regulate early body plan
20
Q

what can abnormal development teach us?

A
  1. about normal development

2. studying what happens when a gene is missing tells us what it does

21
Q

why are zebrafish useful?

A
  1. genome sequenced genetically similar to man
  2. fundamental development processes similar to mammals
  3. easy to manipulate genetically- can access the eggs
  4. easy to manipulate experimentally (physically and chemically)
  5. can regenerate body parts
  6. transparent embryos
22
Q

why are amphibians useful?

A
  1. have large embryos, easily manipulated
  2. anatomically more similar to mammals
  3. can regenerate body parts
  4. not as popular since zebra fish
23
Q

why are birds useful?

A
  1. anatomically most similar to mammals (organ level)
  2. large accessible eggs
  3. easy to manipulate and image
  4. very complex genetics
24
Q

why are mice useful?

A
  1. genome sequenced
  2. similar to humans
  3. large number of mutants available
  4. can manipulate genome
  5. relatively rapid life cycle
  6. relatively affordable?
25
Q

disadvantages of mice?

A
  1. hard to physically manipulate as they develop in utero

2. cost

26
Q

what genetic tools are available to us?

A
  1. morpholinos, siRNA
  2. chemical mutagenesis (ENU)
  3. transgenesis (transient / gremline)
  4. single gene knockouts and knockins (ESC)
  5. conditional gene knockouts (knockins)
  6. CRISPR
27
Q

why do we need animal models?

A
  1. can’t use humans for experiments
  2. can’t model disease processes in cell culture
  3. can’t test toxicity of new drugs or treatments in cell culture
  4. can’t model complex development or ageing processes in cell cultures
28
Q

what are the limitations in using humans?

A
  1. ethical reasons
  2. very complex genetics
  3. limited access to human embryos
29
Q

what is a human organoid?

A

self organising three- dimensional cell cultures derived from pluripotent stem cells (including ESC and hiPSC)

30
Q

what are stem cells used for?

A

to recapitulate early stages of development in a dish and have been created for many organs

31
Q

potential of organoids?

A
  1. disease modelling
  2. drug efficiency testing
  3. organ replacement therapy
  4. drug safety testing
32
Q

what makes a good model for developmental research?

A
  1. genome sequenced
  2. readily available (source/stock)
  3. large number of offspring per gen.
  4. rapid development rate to maturity
  5. easily manipulated and genetically tractable
  6. anatomically resembles a human (organ/tissue/cellular level)

Genetics (2 decks)

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