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BIOL 112 > L21: Cellular Respiration and Redox Reactions > Flashcards

L21: Cellular Respiration and Redox Reactions Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 stages of cellular respiration?

A
  • Glycolysis
  • Pyruvate oxidation
  • Citric Acid Cycle (TCA)
  • Oxidative phosphorylation
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2
Q

What is the result of CR?

A
  • the complete oxidation of the carbon in glucose to carbon dioxide
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3
Q

What is the purpose of CR?

A
  • Capture energy released harnessed in the form of ATP
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4
Q

What does the energy break down in CR look like?

A
  • the energy in the carbon bonds in glucose is broken down in steps (i.e. slowly oxidized)
  • the energy is captured (harnessed) in the form of ATP and other high energy intermediates (NADH, FADH2)
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5
Q

CR Overview

A
  • Oxidation of glucose to CO2
  • Energy captured in ATP
  • Production of high energy intermediates such as NADH, FADH2
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6
Q

What is glycolysis?

A
  • Glucose is broken down into pyruvate
  • ATP and other high energy intermediates (electron carriers) are produced
  • “glucose splitting”
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7
Q

Where does CR occur in bacterial cells?

A
  • Steps 1-3: cytoplasm/cytosol

- Step 4: cell membrane

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8
Q

Where does CR occur in eukaryotic cells?

A
  • Step 1: Cytoplasm

- Step 2-4: Mitochondria

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9
Q

Which steps in CR is CO2 produced as a product?

A
  • Pyruvate oxidation (processing)

- Citric Acid cycle

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10
Q

CO2 production is significant because this indicates…

A
  • carbon atoms from glucose has been completely oxidized

- these carbon atoms become waste products (i.e. released from the cell!)

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11
Q

ATP in glycolysis is synthesized via…

A
  • Substrate level phosphorylation
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12
Q

What is the overall goal of glycolysis?

A
  • break down glucose (i.e. being oxidized)
  • extract the energy from the reduced form of carbon in several steps
  • in the process, synthesize high energy ATP and NADH (an electron carrier)
  • create pyruvate - a molecule that can be used in different pathways
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13
Q

What is the first phase of glycolysis?

A
  • Energy investment phase

- 2 ATP used to phosphorylate a 6 carbon sugar with 2 negatively charged phosphate groups.

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14
Q

What is the second phase of glycolysis?

A
  • Energy payoff phase
  • 4 ATP made by substrate level phosphorylation
  • 4 electrons removed to reduce 2 NAD+ to 2 NADH
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15
Q

How many reactions occur in glycolysis?

A
  • 10 enzyme catalyzed reactions that breakdown glucose.
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16
Q

How much ATP and NADH are synthesized at the end of glycolysis?

A
  • uses 2 ATP and synthesized 4 ATP
  • 2 net ATP
  • synthesizes 2 NADH (4 electrons -2 to each NAD+)
17
Q

What are the high energy intermediates?

A

HIGH ENERGY FORM:

  • ATP and NADH
  • Play a role in metabolism

LOW ENERGY FORM:

  • ADP OR AMP
  • NAD+
18
Q

NADH is an…

A
  • electron carrier
19
Q

What is the oxidized form of NAD?

A
  • NAD+
  • can take up/accept 2 electrons
  • “being reduced”
20
Q

What is the reduced form of NAD?

A
  • NADH
  • can donate 2 electrons
  • “being oxidized”
21
Q

What is substrate-level phosphorylation?

A
  • Enzyme catalyzes transfer of phosphate from a phosphorylated molecule (substrate) to ADP
  • how ATP can be synthesized from ADP and Pi
  • Occurs in cytosol/mitochondrial matrix (EUKARYOTIC) and cytosol (BACTERIA)
22
Q

SLP vs. Oxidative phosphorylation (oxphos)

A

SLP:

  • Involves enzymes and substrates the phosphorylate ATP
  • Enzyme removes P from substrate to phosphorylate ADP
  • ATP is synthesized. Substrate has lost a phosphate

Oxphos:
-involves membrane-bound enzymes and H+ (proton) gradient drives ATP phosphorylation

23
Q

What do cells capture in a series of redox reactions?

A
  • Energy
  • Energy is transformed into high energy intermediates (i.e. ATP, NADH, FADH2) which are usable forms of energy for the cells
24
Q

Where does a cell get the energy from?

A
  • energy is captured by oxidation and reduction reactions = REDOX
  • nutrients (food) are electrons donors i.e. donate electrons to molecules in the cell
  • the electron acceptor molecules capture some of the energy loss from the electron donors
  • Redox reactions shift potential energy stored in chemical bonds by changing electron positioning.
25
Q

What is oxidation?

A
  • loss of electrons by an atom
  • and usually gains O atoms
  • and/or loses H
26
Q

What is reduction?

A
  • gain of electrons by an atom
  • and usually also gains H atoms
  • and/or loses O
27
Q

What are the 2 components of redox reactions?

A
  • electron donor: loses electrons and becomes oxidized
  • electron acceptor: gains electrons and becomes reduced
  • electrons are always donated or accepted by atoms (that are part of molecules) electrons cannot float in the cell!

BIOL 112 (23 decks)

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