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GEOG 217: Cities in the Modern World > L2: What is a Modern City? > Flashcards

L2: What is a Modern City? Flashcards

1
Q

Population of largest cities in 430 BC

A

200 000 people

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2
Q

Population of 25th largest city in 430 BC

A

45 000 people

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3
Q

Location of Largest Cities - 430 BC

A

1) Eastern Mediterranean (Greece, Western middle east)
2) Mesopotamia (present day Iraq)
3) North eastern India
4) Eastern China

Fall in narrow 20* to 40*N latitude band

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4
Q

Technology of Early Cities (430 BC)

A

Mostly in Iron Age (China and India are at the end of the iron age)

Buildings made of wood

Transport = by foot or horse (limited 5 km/h or 15 km/h travel time) on limited roads

Water transport = limited ship technology (rowing, or wind powered sails)

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5
Q

Economic Activity of Early Cities (430 BC)

A

Purely agricultural, significant hunting and gathering cultures (except for some cities had small scale iron and bronze craft production)

Limited trade

Mostly in subsistence agriculture, w/ exception to urban centers

Cities = primarily religious, admin, trade centers

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6
Q

Geographic Distribution of Modern Cities (Today)

A

Farther North and South, greater geographic distribution across continents

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7
Q

Modern Technology

A

Tech = based on electronics, steel construction, energy sources = fossil fuel + nuclear

Timber production is industrializes

Agriculture is industrialized and energy-intensive

Very few areas rely on subsistence agriculture (or hunting/gathering)

Transport = railroads, planes, trucks, mostly rely on petroleum

Extensive rail/road networks, esp in highly urbn

Relatively few people involved in agriculture

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8
Q

Modern Economy

A

Highly integrated global economy (globalization)

Globalization of industry and services

Service economy&raquo_space; than manufacturing

Movement of capital is of interest (Finance is now a dominant economic sector)

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9
Q

Urban Center of Gravity

A

The average location of the largest cities weighted by population

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10
Q

Urban Center of Gravity (430 BC - 1500 AD)

A

Some wester shift (reflects rise of Roman Empire in southern mediterranean)
Back where is stated in 1500 AD

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11
Q

Urban Center of Gravity Trends (1500-1800 AD)

A

Big northwest jump

Reflects rise of European cities based on mercantile and colonial economies

Period of early European colonization

Seems minor compared to subsequent movement

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12
Q

Urban Center of Gravity (1800 -2000)

A

More changes than in the previous thousand years

Westward shift 1800-1900 (largest shift)

1900 - 1950: slight shift south

1950 - 2010: Center reverses course and moves south and easternward (accelerated pace)

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13
Q

First and Second Industrial Revolution

A

1800s

Fundamentally changed cities and global economy

Agriculture + trade –> Industrial Manufacturing

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14
Q

Modern City

A

“Pure Modern Cities” are arguably “Pure industrial cities”

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15
Q

Location of 25 Largest Cities in 1900

A

Mostly clustered in Europe

Smaller cluster in Eastern NA (Boston, NY, Philly)

Some modern cities elsewhere

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16
Q

Global Changes over 20th Century

A

(1) Industrial Manufacturing shifting east after 20th century
(2) Areas underwent industrialization NA and EU already did
(3) Different socio-political dynamics
(4) Global south would not just replicate NA patterns

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17
Q

Mumbai as a Modern City

A

Originally composed of seven separate islands

Modernization of Mumbai is because of urban development in Europe

Imperialism and British control

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18
Q

Economic Centre of Gravity

A

Similar to Cities pop trends until 1900

Less southward shift after 1900

Suggests that post-industrialization urbanization is less economically significant

Arguable decoupling of industrialization as an economic activity and urbanization as a settlement power

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19
Q

Economic Centre of Gravity 1 AD

A

China and India were the world’s largest economies (Post -Iron Age economies)

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20
Q

Economic Centre of Gravity (1 AD - 1950)

A

European industrialization and America’s rise drew the economic centre of gravity into the Atlantic

21
Q

Economic centre of Gravity (1950 - 2000)

A

Japan’s economic boom made it the second-largest economy in the world, pulling the centre north

22
Q

Economic Centre of Gravity (2000-2025)

A

As China has regained economic leadership, the centre is now retracing its footsteps towards the East

Decoupling of industrialization as an economic activity and urbanization as a settlement power (why the economic centre is still northern, despite industrialization of the global south)

23
Q

“New” Cities

A

New, modern cities are cities shaped by new global economy

Mostly in southern hemisphere (Asia)

Greenfield development (where there is no previous city existing)

Built in response to economic activities

Used in an attempt to spark economic innovations or for geopolitical purposes

24
Q

Forest City, Malaysia

A

Takes new city logic to the extreme

Built on land built by dredging the sea bed (creates new dry land where there used to be water

Funded by the Chinese gov as part of geopolitical strategy to expand China’s influence globally and regionally (was for citizens to invest in cities outside the county)

Very similar imagery to Metropolis’ Babylon tower

25
Q

Georg Simmel

A

Author of “The Metropolis and Mental Life” (1903)

What makes living in a city different than living elsewhere?

1) Large and mobile urban populations
2) World of strangers: Far to many people to know personally, but encounter daily

26
Q

Paul Bairoch

A

Author of “Urbanism in Developed Countries (1700 -1800)

27
Q

Summary of Urbanism in Developed Countries 1700-1800

A

Industrial Revolution –> economic explosion –> radical change in cities

Population shift from rural to urban

28
Q

Fraction of Modern Population that lives in Cities

A

More than 2/3 of pop lives in cities

29
Q

Fraction of City-Dwellers that live in large urban agglomerations (today)

A

Over 1/2 of city-dwellers live in large urban agglomerations (pop + 500 000)

30
Q

2 Consequences of Industrial Revolution

A

1) Population Explosion

2) Advancements in industrial/agricultural production

31
Q

Global Population at the Beginning of Christian Era

A

200 -350 million people

32
Q

Global Population in 1340 AD

A

400-500 million people

33
Q

Global Population 1700 AD

A

700 million people

34
Q

Global Population 1985

A

4.8 billion people

35
Q

Iron Production Changes (1000 - 1700 AD)

A

Iron Capita may have double (probably overestimation)

36
Q

Iron Production Changes (1700 - 1980)

A

Iron per capita increased by over 180 times

37
Q

Changes in Agriculture Production (1700 - 1980)

A

Today 1/14 people work in agriculture (in developed wester nations) compared to 11/14 people two centuries ago

Despite smaller % of workforce in agriculture, greater quantity and diversity of outputs

38
Q

Life Expectancy (Roman Empire to 1700)

A

28-35 years old

39
Q

Life Expectancy (1980s)

A

75 in developed western world

45-50 yrs old in 3rd World

40
Q

Contrasts in regional development in 18th century Europe

A

England: 750 000-850 000 pp in cities (1700) –> 2100 000 1800

Continent: period of stagnation and decline in urbanization

Decline in level of urbanization often “suggests that the region had reached a threshold difficult, if not impossible, to surpass w/in the framework of traditional economies” (215)

Russia: Incomplete data, no significant trends

41
Q

Urbanization % of 19th Century

A

England:
- 40% –> 68% (1880)

Europe:

  • 1800 –> 12%
  • 1880 –> 19%
  • WW1 –> 42%
42
Q

Number of People in cities (1300 AD)

A

8 million pp

43
Q

Number of people in cities (1700)

A

13 million pp

44
Q

Number of people in cities (1800)

A

19 million

45
Q

Number of people in cities (1910)

A

127 million pp

46
Q

Bernand Lepetit

A

Study “The Evolution of the Notion of Cities in the Geographical Descriptions of France (1650-1850)” - (

Paper noting the size of urban agglomerations and consequences touching the very nature of urbanization and thus the criteria used to define it as well

47
Q

20th Century Cyclical Patterns in Urbanization

A

WW2 and Great depression 1930s - slowed urbanization

Recession in 1974-75, energy crisis - slowed urbanization

Weaker correlation b/w levels of developped (per capita gross national product) and the level of urbanization by the end of the 20th centruy

48
Q

Why did urbanization slow down in the seventies?

A

“The impact of changes in the attitudes and behavior of urban populations themselves”

Growth of interest in ecology and concomitantly in rural way of life

“Hyper urbanized societies very likely contain within their own growth the seed of this sort of reaction against the conditions of urban existence” (220)

49
Q

Absolute limit of Urban Growth

A

Harmonization of levels of urbanization

“The closer urbanization comes to its absolute limit, the greater the role played in any country by national factors peculiar to it” (220)

Geographic characteristics of countries
Political cast (size of country, form of gov, economic policies)

GEOG 217: Cities in the Modern World (7 decks)

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