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202 Theme 1: Fundamental Neuroscience and the Brain > L2 The Skull and Cranial Cavity > Flashcards

L2 The Skull and Cranial Cavity Flashcards

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The Brain flashcards
1
Q

Which tissues form the scalp?

A 
Skin
Connective tissue (dense)
Aponeurosis of occipitofrontalis muscle
Loose connective tissue
Periosteum of the skull
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2
Q

What is an aponeurosis?

A

Sheet like tendon.

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3
Q

What is a periosteum?

A

Tissue layer over bone (although not joints or where muscles/tendons attach).

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4
Q

Which layer of the scalp contain majority of the blood vessels?

A

Dense connective tissue.

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5
Q

Why are scalp lacerations challenging?

A

Bleed profusely as the dense CT layer is unable to retract so vessels remain open. You need to know how deep the laceration is and close all layers.

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6
Q

What is the neurocranium?

A

Bones surrounding the brain.

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7
Q

What is the viscerocranium?

A

Facial skeleton.

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8
Q

What connects the skulls bones and when do they form?

A

Sutures, they form at 5 years old, prior to this they are cartilaginous structures called fontanelles.

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9
Q

What bones form the neurocranium?

A 
Parietal (back)
Occipital (inferior)
Temporal (side)
Frontal (forehead)
Sphenoid (around eyes)
Ethmoid (nasal septum)
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10
Q

What bones form the viscerocranium?

A 
Nasal (bridge of nose)
Lacrimal (inner eye near nose)
Vomer (bottom of nose)
Maxilla (upper jaw)
Mandible (jaw bone)
Inferior conchae (inner nose)
Zygoma (cheek bones)
Palatine (palate)
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11
Q

Which bone doesn’t directly suture with the frontal bone?

A

Mandible.

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12
Q

What is the pterion?

A

Suture point between the frontal, parietal, temporal and sphenoid bones.

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13
Q

What artery runs deep to the pterion?

A

Middle Meningeal Artery (MMA).

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14
Q

What is hydrocephalus?

A

Build up of CSF in the skull.

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15
Q

How does hydrocephalus affect the skull of adults and babies differently?

A

Babies skulls expand to accommodate the pressure, adults ossifications prevent this leading to cognitive deficits and brain herniation.

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16
Q

What is an aneurysm?

A

Weakening of an artery wall leading to an outpouching that could potentially burst.

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17
Q

What is a foramina?

A

Small holes that act as sites of entry and exit to the skull for veins, arteries and nerves.

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18
Q

What is the name and function of cranial nerve I?

A

Olfactory (smell).

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19
Q

What is the name and function of cranial nerve II?

A

Optic (visual).

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20
Q

What is the name and function of cranial nerve III?

A

Oculomotor (moving the eye).

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21
Q

What is the name and function of cranial nerve IV?

A

Trochlear (pulley for a muscle).

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22
Q

What is the name and function of cranial nerve V?

A

Trigeminal (3 roots to the face):
V1: Ophthalmic
V2: Maxillary
V3: Mandibular

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23
Q

What is the name and function of cranial nerve VI?

A

Abducens (abducts the eye).

24
Q

What is the name and function of cranial nerve VII?

A

Facial.

25
Q

What is the name and function of cranial nerve VIII?

A

Vestibulocochlear (hearing).

26
Q

What is the name and function of cranial nerve IX?

A

Glossopharyngeal (taste and pharynx).

27
Q

What is the name and function of cranial nerve X?

A

Vagus (everywhere).

28
Q

What is the name and function of cranial nerve XI?

A

Accessory (shrug shoulders).

29
Q

What is the name and function of cranial nerve XII?

A

Hypoglossal (tongue).

30
Q

What is the name and what runs through the Cribriform plate?

A

CN I (olfactory).

31
Q

What is the name and what runs through the Optic canal?

A

CN II (optic) and the ophthalmic artery.

32
Q

What is the name and what runs through the Superior Orbital Fissure?

A

CN III (oculomotor), IV (trochlear), V1 (trigeminal- Ophthalmic), VI (abducens).

33
Q

What is the name and what runs through the Rotundum?

A

V2 (Trigeminal- Maxillary).

34
Q

What is the name and what runs through the Ovale?

A

V3 (Trigeminal- Mandibular), AMMA.

35
Q

What is the name and what runs through the Spinosum?

A

Middle Meningeal Artery.

36
Q

What is the name and what runs through the Lacerum?

A

Carotid Artery (may just run over the top of the foramina).

37
Q

What is the name and what runs through the Internal Acoustic Meatus?

A

CN VII (facial), VIII (Vestibulocochlear).

38
Q

What is the name and what runs through the Jugular Foramen?

A

CN IX (glossopharyngeal), X (vagus), XI (accessory), Internal Jugular Vein.

39
Q

What is the name and what runs through the Hypoglossal Canal?

A

CN XII (hypoglossal).

40
Q

What is the name and what runs through the Magnum?

A

Spinal cord.

41
Q

Which arteries mainly supply the brain?

A

Internal Carotid artery and the Vertebral artery.

42
Q

What do the main arteries anastomose to form?

A

Cerebral Arterial Circle/ Circle of Willis.

43
Q

Where do the vertebral arteries enter?

A

Foramen magnum where they unite to form the basilar artery.

44
Q

Where do the vertebral arteries branch from?

A

Subclavian arteries (right and left respectively).

45
Q

Where do the Internal Carotid arteries branch from?

A

Common carotid arteries (right and left respectively).

46
Q

Where does the Common Carotid lie deep to?

A

Sternocleidomastoid muscle.

Useful pulse palpation point.

47
Q

Where do the Internal and External Carotids supply?

A

Internal supplies the brain.

External supplies the face.

48
Q

Why do we have the Cerebral Arterial Circle?

A

Protects the brain from ischaemia by allowing for collateral circulation if one of the arteries gets blocked.

49
Q

Which arteries anastomose to form the Cerebral Arterial Circle?

A

2 internal carotid arteries and 2 vertebral arteries.

50
Q

Which arteries does the Cerebral Arterial Circle give rise to?

A

Anterior, Middle and Posterior cerebral arteries.

51
Q

Where does the Anterior Cerebral artery supply?

A

Medial and superior surfaces of the brain and frontal pole.

52
Q

Where does the Middle Cerebral artery supply?

A

Lateral surfaces of the brain and temporal pole.

53
Q

Where does the Posterior Cerebral artery supply?

A

Inferior surfaces of the brain and occipital pole.

54
Q

What causes a stoke?

A

Embolism in the cerebral artery as there are no anastomoses within the brain, to help avoid ischaemia, leading to neurological deficit.

55
Q

Which cerebral artery is most commonly involved in strokes?

A

Middle (supplying the lateral portion of the brain).

202 Theme 1: Fundamental Neuroscience and the Brain (6 decks)

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