Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MNSR (sem #1) > L.2 - skeleton > Flashcards

L.2 - skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

The skeleton in the vertebrates is comprised of what?

A
  • the skeleton in the vertebrates is composed of bone & cartilages
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the categories bone is divided into?

A
  • 2 types: spongy and compact.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Explain the ‘compact’ type of bone.

A
  • dense and hard
  • Forms outside of the long bones.
  • It is composed of Haversian systems
  • The central Haversian canal containing blood vessels which branch through the bomb.
  • surrounding the canal are concentrically arranged lacunae which contain the osteocytes. 
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Explain the ‘spongy’ or ‘cancellous’ type of bone.

A
  • found in the interior medullary cavity of long and other bones where it forms a network of trabeculae between the marrow.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Memorize & label the haversian system diagram (slide 5)

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How is the lacunae connected together?

A
  • by a system of radiating canaliculi which allow the supply of nutrients to the osteocytes.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Bone is a constant state of ….?

A
  • remodelling and adaption
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are bone cells called and how are they present?

A
  • called osteoclasts.
  • are present in small numbers which can cause bone erosion or resorption (remove damaged bone)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are osteoblasts?

A
  • cell type that secrete the new bone extracellular matrix
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the bones extracellular matrix composed of?

A
  • 80% calcium phosphate on the form of calcium hydroxyapatite crystals
  • 20% organic stuff - largely protein - mainly type 1 collagen
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the lifelong cycle of bone maintenance (repair) and resorption called?

A
  • bone remoddeling
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the process of bone remodelling?

A
  • during development of the skeleton, bone growth occurs independent of osteoclast removal of bone.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is periosteum?

A
  • It is a dense layer of vascular connective tissue envelope thing phone except a joint.

There are two layers:
1. Outer fibrosis layer - contains fibroblasts
2. Inner osteogenic layer / contains progenitor cells that differentiate into osteoblasts

Contains nerve endings that make it sensitive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is endosteum?

A
  • lines the inner surface of the medullary cavity of all long bones.
  • it is the thin vascular membrane of connective tissue
  • osteoclasts resorption of bone occurs from endosteal side.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Where do osteoclasts resorption of bone occur?

A
  • osteoclasts resorption of bone occurs from endosteal side.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the functions of cartilage?

A
  • support soft tissue
  • provide low friction surface for bone articulation at joints
  • enable growth of the long bones
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the 3 types of cartilage?

A
  • hyaline - most common. Moderate amount of collagen fibres (articulating surface joints)
  • elastic - contains elastic fibres in addition to collagen (external ear)
  • fibrocartilage - very low number of cells, high collagen fibre content (intervertebral disc)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

In the cartilage, what is not present?

A
  • no blood vessels (avascular), lymphatics, or nerves
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Explain the structure of the cartilage.

A
  • more flexible than bone but confers insufficient rigidity to withstand gravity.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

The semi-rigid structure of the cartilage is made up of what extracellular ground substances?

A
  1. Proteiglycans (aggrecan)
  2. Glycosaminoglycans (chondroitin, sulphate, hyaluronix acid)
  3. Collagen (type 2 collagen) and in some types of cartilage, elastic fibres.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the spaces in the cartilage called and what do they contain?

A
  • called lacunae
  • contains chondrocytes
22
Q

Some cartilages remained unchanged while others….

A
  • ossify
23
Q

What are the 2 classes of the skeleton?

A
  • classified into dermal and endoskeleton
24
Q

How does the dermal skeleton develop? What is this process called?

A
  • in dermal bones, osteoblasts from the periosteum convert foetal connective tissue (mesenchyme cells) to bone.
  • called intramembranous ossification
25
Q

Where are dermal bones found?

A
  • skull
  • jaw
  • pectoral girdle
26
Q

What are the 2 categories the endoskeleton divides into?

A
  • visceral skeleton: only found in larynx, tracheal cartilages, ossicles.
  • somatic skeleton - found in all the rest
27
Q

What are the two parts of the somatic skeleton divided into?

A
  • the axial skeleton
  • the appendicular skeleton
28
Q

What is the axial skeleton comprised of?

A
  • skull, vertebral column (including the sacrum), rubs, and sternum.
29
Q

What are the 5 regions that the axial skeleton divides into?

A
  • cervical (7)
  • thoracic (12)
  • lumbar (5)
  • sacral (5)
  • caudal (4 fused as coccyx)
30
Q

What are the 2 principle elements that all vertebraes have?

A
  • a centrum
  • a neural arch
31
Q

What does the neural arch do?

A
  • it forms a canal for spinal cord
32
Q

How many processes are on each vertebrae?

A
  • typically there are 7 processes
33
Q

What is between each vertebrae?

A
  • an intervertebral disc of fibrocartilage
34
Q

The appendicular includes all the rest of the body including…?

A
  • pectoral girdle: clavicle, scapula
  • upper limb: humerus, radius, ulna, carpal bones, metacarpals, phalanges
  • pelvic girdle: hip bone (ilium, ischium, pubis)
  • lower limb: femur, tibia, fibula, tarsal bones, metatarsals, phalanges
  • sesamoid bones: develop in tendons as they turn corners - the patella or knee cap is an example.
35
Q

What happens in the foetus?

A
  • cartilage models the shape of the future adult bone
36
Q

Describe endochondral ossification

A
  • In the foetus, cartilage models the shape of the future adult bone
  • may persist for months or years before being invaded by osteoblasts for conversion to bone with layering down of minerals, calcium, and phosphate
  • ends of bones - epiphyses - the last parts of a long bone to ossify
  • until ossification is complete, the epiphysis remains separated from the shaft (the duaphysis) by the epiphysesl plate of hyaline cartilage
37
Q

What are the ends of bone called?

A
  • epiphyses
38
Q

What is the shaft called?

A
  • the diaphysis
39
Q

What are not penetrated by blood vessels?

A
  • epiphyseal (growth) plates. So nutrient artery of the diaphysis contributes no supply to the epiphyses of long bone until after epiphyseal plate has disappeared.
40
Q

What can damage to blood supply result in?

A
  • death (necrosis of the bony tissue and if this affects the growing end of a bone in children, normal development is delayed or prevented.
41
Q

What happens to the bone shaft during the endochondral bone growth?

A
  • it is thickened by the addition of perichondral bone.
  • This is formed like membrane dermal bone in successive layers.
42
Q

What can too much natural growth hormone BEFORE the epiphyses have united leads to…?

A
  • gigantism
43
Q

What can too much natural growth hormone (eg. pituitary tumour) AFTER the epiphyses have united leads to…?

A
  • acromegaly (large extremities)
44
Q

What does growth hormone delay when abused by young athletes?

A
  • fusion of the epiphyses
45
Q

What is achondroplasia?

A
  • a genetic condition due to a rare autosomal dominate mutation.
  • failure of long bone endochondral ossification, especially humerus and femur
46
Q

What are joints?

A
  • are the junction sites of two or more bones of the body.
47
Q

What are the two basic types of joints?

A
  • non-synovial and synovial
48
Q

What are the non-synovial joints?

A
  1. fibrous joints
    - bone - fibrous tissue - bone
    - example: inferior tibiofibular, structures of skull
    - little movement, except that fetal skull bones move during birth.
  2. Cartilaginous joint
    - two types are found
    - as age advances, cartilaginous joints may ossify

• primary cartilaginous
- bone - hyaline cartilage - bone
- all ossify except first rib sternum

• secondary cartilaginous
- bone - hyaline - fibrocartilaginous disc - hyaline - bone
- symphyses

49
Q

What are the synovial joints?

A
  • freedom of movement
  • articular surfaces covered by articular cartilage and between them is the synovial cavity.
  • synovial membrane does not cover articular surface themselves
  • synovium is specialized tissue that produces synovial fluid for lubrication
  • found outside of joints in places where friction resistance is necessary: bursas an synovial sheaths
50
Q

What is a ldisease of the synovium called?

A

rheumatoid arthritis

MNSR (sem #1) (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions