L2: Salivary glands & Swallowing

Question 1

Digestion of which macromolecule begins in the oral cavity?

Answer 1

Carbohydrates

Question 2

What Governs Mastication?

Answer 2

Central Pattern Generator (CPG)

CPG is a group of neurons in the CNS that can automatically execute a complex motor act without the need for continuous sensory input

Question 3

Three Phases of Mastication?

Answer 3

• mouth opening
• mouth closing
• intercuspal phase (occlusion)

Question 4

Muscles Involved in Mastication? (opening/closing)

Answer 4

Closing: Temporalis, Masseter, Medial Pterygoids

Opening: Lateral Pterygoids

Question 5

Nerve that translates intention to chew from the chewing center in Brain to chweing machinery?

Answer 5

Trigerminal Motor Nuclei

Question 6

Three main pair of salivary glands and their location?

Answer 6

Question 7

Innervation of Salivary Glands?

Sympathetic/Parasympathetic?

Answer 7

Parasympathetic: Trigerminalc (V), Facial (VII), Glossopharyngeal (IX)

Sympathetic:: Superior cervical ganglion

Question 8

Characteristics of Parotid Salivary Gland?

Answer 8

Largest salivary gland primarily produces amylase. Serous cell only -> Watery Excretions

Question 9

Characteristics of Submandibular Salivary Gland?

Answer 9

Produces ~2/3 of all saliva
Serous cells produce lysosyme
Mixed gland serous and mucus -> Watery/Mucousy Excretions

Question 10

Characteristics of Sublingual Salivary Gland?

Answer 10

Smallest gland
Mucus excretions

Question 11

Which salivary gland produces Amylase?

Answer 11

Parotid

Question 12

Which salivary gland produces 2/3 of Saliva?

Answer 12

Submandibular

Question 13

Which Salivary Gland Produces Lysosyme

What does this enzyme do?

Answer 13

Submandibular

Enzyme that catalyzes the destruction of the cell walls of bacteria

Question 14

Functions of Saliva?

Answer 14

Functions:
• Prevention of desiccation
• Lubrication
• pH control
• Digestion
• Immunological

Question 15

Composition of Saliva?

Amount produced daily?

Answer 15

• Water and bicarbonate
• Enzymes: Amylase, Lingual lipase, Bacterial DNAase/RNAase, Lysozyme, Immunoglobulins, Mucin
• Epidermal Growth factor- maintenance of fungiform taste buds

750mls-1500ml

Question 16

Function of striated ducts of salivary glands?

Answer 16

Saliva from acinus is isotonic, Striated ducts make saliva hypotonic:

• lower Na+ and Cl- relative to plasma
• increase K+ and bicarbonate due to ion exchange

Dependent on the rate of secretions. Flow increases => saliva becomes more HYPERTONIC (Less Na+ Cl- Exreted)

Question 17

Effects of Sympathetic vs. Parasympathetic Innervation of Salivary Glands?

Answer 17

Parasympathetic-> Increased volume secretion (More watery)

Sympathetic innervation -> Thickening of secretion

Question 18

Papilla with highest concentration of Taste Buds?

Answer 18

Vallate Papilla

Question 19

Papilla responsible for shaping boulus through friction?

Answer 19

Filiform Papilla

Question 20

How is taste differentiated?

Answer 20

Question 21

Detection of Salty Taste?

Answer 21

ENaC – amiloride sensitive epithelial sodium channel

Question 22

Detection of Sour Taste?

Answer 22

Protons/H+ ions block K+ channels

Question 23

Detection of Umami?

Answer 23

Glutamate Receptor

Question 24

Detection of Bitterness

Answer 24

K+ channels/ G- protein coupled receptors

Question 25

Detection of Sweetness

Answer 25

Specific G- protein coupled receptor

Question 26

Muscalaris Externa transistions from ______ to ______ muscle moving down the esophagus

Answer 26

Muscalaris Externa transistions from *skeletal* to *smooth* muscle moving down the esophagus