L2 S2 Flashcards
1758
British victory, partly thanks to Indians and the Treaty of Easton (1758).
1763
- Treaty of Paris (1763)
What is the first Treaty of Paris about
: France ceded most of its American territories to GB.
France and GB fought for seven years to impose their culture. British won. Also thanks to their indian tribes. 13 indian tribes helped the british because they had been promised by the british in the Treaty of Easton in 1758 that the settlers wouldn’t cross the Apalachian mountains.
1764 - The British Parliament passes the Sugar Act
GB burdened by war debt. Introduced new taxes on sugar imported from non british carribean sources, to raise money => Sugar Act in 1764.
New taxes but also trade monopoly.
1764 - The British Parliament passed the Currency Act
Also, the Currency Act that year, to regulate the paper money issued by the colonies. TO protect biritsh merchants and creditors.
1765 - The Stamp Act was passed
British were not happy with these new taxes and restraints. But British Parliament passed the Stamp Act on all printed materials, in 1765. Purpose was to pay for the cost of the biritsh army that was stationned in North America.
- Declaration of Rights ans Grievances : “no taxation without representation” but reasserted allegiance to the Crown.
Upset americans again because thay had to pay for the british army that were controlling them.
So they sent the Declaration of Rights and Grievances to the king, saying that these act were not legitimate. Saying they didn’t have any representative in the Parliament. “No representation, no taxation”
1765 - The Parliament enacted the Quartering Act
Required american colonies to provide housing, food, drink, transports to british forces stationned in their town or villages.
1766 - The Declaratory Act was issued by Parliament
Parliament reasserted through that act “full power and authority to Make laws in all cases whatsoever”
1767 - Parliament passed the Townshend Acts
Established new customs duties (taxes), asserted the parliament right to exerce authority upon the american colonies.
1770 - Boston Massacre
Resentment grew in american colonies. Movement of protest. They fired at the corwd and killed civilans
1773 - The Parliament voted the Tea Act
A new tax imposed on tea imported from non british colonies. Not only was the BP imposing a tax, but further trade monopoly to prevent americans to trade freely with other countries.
=> Boston Tea Party
Group of americans went onboeard a biritsh vessel and emptied all the tea bags in the sea, in the harbor. Lead to retaliation.
1774 - The British Parliament passed the Coercive Acts
Retaliation. Known as “intolerable acts”.
1774 (September) - The First Continental Congress was formed
Increasing pressure, americans outraged, formed the first Continental Congress MEt in Philadelphia to discuss the taxes and everything the Parliament was doing. Enough was Enough. Sent another declaration to the king. In the first one they exposed what was wrong, in this one they still promised loyalty to the crown. Which means that there was no intention of becoming independent.
New restriction on trade were then imposed. British then sent more troops.
1775 (April) - The American Revolutionary war started American Revolutionary War = War of Independence, 1775-83. At first, militias rather than organized armies, small battles rather than major conflicts
1775 (May) The Second Continental Congress met in Philadelphia => George Washington as the Commander in Chief of the new Continental Army.
- trying to find a peaceful solution
1776 (July 4), Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence.
Situation came to return point. Congress declared independence of the USA. Conflict escalated.
1777 - Congress adopted the Articles of Confederation
=> underlined people’s ‘inherent natural rights” and the “contractual nature of any legitimate gvt”
Before the war, 13 colonies, decided to fight together against the British to gain their independence. Worked on a document to regulate their relationship : Articles of Confederation. Meant to rule over the asszociation between the colonies, how to work together duing the war. They still wanted to kepp their autonomy each though.
=> set for a loose association and a weak Federal gvt that had few powers, the Confederation was a “firm league of friendship”
Few powers : no collection of taxes, coin money, no regulation of trade or settlments of fights between states.
At first, states were eager to keep their autonomy : few powers to the union gvt, many powers stayed in the hands of the states.
1778 : France signed a treaty of alliance with the US : Brits = common enemy
1779 : Spain declared war on GB
1783 : the US defeated Britain and signed the Treaty of Paris : British recognized American independence.
1784 : Thomas Jefferson drafted the Northwest Ordinance(text which establish a principle according to which every new state that would later on enter the union would enter it on an equal basis with the former 13)
1786 : A Convention revised the Articles of Confederation: Am realized that the powers given to the central gvt was not strong enough to be able to function in the world as a major country. Ended up with a different document called the Constitution.
Spring 1787 : The Constitution of the US was adopted.
=> much more powerful and efficient central gvt.
=> Article VII of the Constitution, at least nine states need to ratify the document
=> Compromises, model of political pragmatism
It was urgent for Am to sign a document because they had to function as a country. Had to agree on a document. First, the text was kept very short : 7 articles. No details. Only major points.
Secondly, difficult to agree, because at least nine out of thirteen needed to ratify it, and some had different interest.
(Ex : slavery, some agreed, some didn’t…)
1791 (December) ; The Bill of Rights was ratified.
=> to guarantee fundamental individual liberties
=> Bill of Rights, first ten constitutional Amendments which were simultaneously added to the Constitution.
=> Ratificaition by three fourths of the States, eventually came into effect in December 1791.
Amendment : a change to the Constitution.
To protect federal liberties and individual rights.
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NCM 3
1795 - The Jay Treaty was proposed
=> Alexander Hamilton and George Washington
v. Thomas Jefferson and James Madison.
Some Am though that Brits had done wrong, should be kept away, symbol of oppression. Other though about their emotional, culture ties.
Jay treaty : meant to reestablish good relations between them.
Start of the two party system.
1803 - Renewed warfare between England and France.
British and French kept fighting about territories. Consequences on Am history :
England tend to try to have monopoly, prevent trade between Am and France.
England impressed Am sailors into the Royal navy.
This led to another war : war of 1812.
1812-1815 - War of 18112 fought by the US and Britain.
=> Multiple grievances, among which :
- continued British impressements of American sailors into the Royal Navy
British restrictions on trade with Frane during the Napoleonic Wars
British supplied of arms to hostile Indians.
British interference in American domestic affairs
Am declared war because they compained, had grievances. Am won, led to ratification of treaty of Ghent.
Consequences of that war : no territory change, but it affected Americans mentality : sense of confidence, pride, victory. Am became independent. Ombilical chord cut.
=> American victory at the Battle of New Orleans
=> Treaty of Ghent 1815
“The second war of independence”.
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II- Indians
-28,000 - Paleo-Indians corssed from Asia to North America at the site of Bering Strait.
Between 1607 and 1778, about 175 treaties signed between Indians and the British or colonial gvts.
1610-1614 - The first Anglo Powathan War was fought between English settlers of the Virginia Colony and Indians of the Powathan Confederacy.
1640s - The Iroquois practically extermined rival Hurons.
1715-1717 - The Yamasee War opposed the Yamasee and the Creek t the English and the Cherokee.
1763-1764 - The Pontiac’s Rebellion was launched by several Indian tribes to try and drive the Biritsh out of the Great Lake region.
=> Alliance against Europeans.
1763 - King George III’s Royal Proclamation was issued and the British Indian Reserve created.
1783 The US repudiated George III’s Royal Proclamation.
=> To put an end to the conflicts. British would remain east fo the Apalachians Mountains.
Between 1763 and 1783 : war of independence : American revoqued the Royal proclamation. Crossed the mountains.
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Colonization by Treaties. British recognized that the land was already occupied, therefore, signed treaties with Indians.
Colony included :
clarification of land bounderies
guarantee of peace and friendship
protecttion Indians hunting, fishing and gathering rights.
trade regulation
recognition from tribes to the authority of the gvt over the land
travels in the Indians territories
Colonies did not respect these treaties, ignored them.
Indian used Europ to try and vainquished other tribes. Rival tribes.
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1785-1795 The Northwest Indian War was fought between the US and a large confederation of Native Americans for control of the Old Northwest (Great Lakes region)
1789 - In the Constitution, Indians are excluded from the American body politics. Were not considered citizens.
1790 - The Indian Trade and Intercourse Act, the first federal Indian statute, outlawed all Indian land trasactions that were not federally approved.
Indians tried to sell lands to other people, french etc.
1891-1809 - Thomas Jefferson tried to implement his agrarian ideal (social or political philosphy which stresses the moral superiority of a rural life based on farming, as opposed to the supposed corruption of city life). So jefferson and others after him tried to transform indians into farmers.
1803 - The Louisiana Purchase opened the way for westward expansion.
1803-1806 - Lewis and Clarke expedition was commissioned to explore nes territories.
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The Prophet 1775-1836 : Shawbee leader who traveled widely in the Northwest as a political and religious man, brother of Tecmuseh.
Repudiated the Treaty of Fort Wayne 180 (they denounce this treaty, can consider it valid if only voted by a few people)
The conflict between the Shawnee led tribes and the US climaxes in 1811 at the Battle of Tippecanoe, where Governor Harrison claimed victory.
=> Old Northwest : region des Grands Lacs.
1815 : Many Indian tribes had joined the British during the War of 1812 and at the end of the war, were thus devastated.
1817-1818 : The First Seminole War opposed the US and Seminole Indian tribe in Spanish FLorida.
Three Seminole Wars, in Florida. Was Spanish at the time. Spanish and English fought. Slaves tried to find refuge in Florida. SO they decided to invade FLorida to re capture the one who escaped. Runaway slaves.
1819 : Congress adopted the Civilzation Fund Act, which provided that federal funds would be spent to civilize Indians.
Anyone who would civilize Indians would have funds (christianize, the white men’s way)
1820s: Expansionsit ambitions put firther pressure on Indian tribes, with economic opportunities in the Midwest and the South, Indians are seen as undesirable obstacles to the US Manisfest Destiny.
It was originally, 19th Ammerican belief that American settlers were destined to expand across the continent, from Atlantic to) the Pacific.
1823 : Johnson v M’Intosh : The Court ruled that the US gvt had acquired ultimate title to Indian lands.
Native Am (Indians) did not own the land they habited, had only rights of occupation.
1824 : Psdt Monroe advocated the removal of the Indians west of the Mississippi river.
Natural frontier : Mississippi instead of the Apalachian Moutains. American expand their territory. Indians do not agree : attached to the land.
1830 : Congress passed the Indian Removal Act, which authorized the psdt to negociate treaties that exchanged Native American lands in the eastern states for lands west of the Miss.
Andrew Jackson, very little sympathy for Indians. Unrespectful treaties. Disregarded the idea of negociation. Forced them to go west of the Miss.
1831 : The Cherokee Nation v Georgia : CHief justice John Marshall ruled that Indian tribes were “domestic dependent nations”
Indians are under direct rule of the Congress and the federal institution. States has no authority to pass laws concerning Indians.
1832 : In Worcester v Georgia, the SUpreme Court ruled that the States had no authority to pass laws concerning sovereign Indian Nations.
1832 : By the Treaty of Payne’s Landing, tribal Seminole chiefs agreed to relocate to the West, but some resisted successfully.
1835-42 : The Second Seminole war was fought as a minority of Seminole led by Osceola refused to vacate their lands.
All Seminole Wars in Florida.
1834 : Congress the Indian Intercouse Act chich created the Indian Territory as the destinatnion for the policy of Indian Removal.
The Territory, which first included present day Kansas, Oklahoma and parts of Nebraska, Colorado and Wyoming, was gradually reduced by the successive formation of new States and Territories.
1851 : In the First Treaty of Fort Laramie, the Us gvt defined the boundaries of he Great Sioux Nation against the promise that non Indianscoulm pass throufh on their way to the far west.
1855 : The Third Seminole War was waged.
1871 : The Indian Appropriation. Act provided that all Indians should be treated as individuals rather than parts of independent nations.
1875 : The Indian Homestead Act extended to some Indians the provisions of the 1862 Homestead Act.
1876 : The Battle of Little Bighorn was fought between combined forces of Sioux, Cheyenne and Arapaho tribes, and the 7th Cavalry Regiment of the US Army, under the command of General George Armstrong Custer.
1878 : Carlisle Indian School was established in Pennsylvania to “kill the indian and save the child”
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1880 : The Interior Secretary imposed Civilization Regulations, a series of offenses and penalties that applied only to Indians.
1887 : The Indian General Allotment Act (Dawes Act) was passed to give the psdt authority to divide reservation lands into small plots and allocate them to the Indian men.
1888 ; The Sioux Act divided the Great Sioux Reservation into six seperate reservations.
1889 : The Oklahoma Organic Act divided Indian land into the Territory of Oklahoma and the Indian Territory.
1890 : The Wounded Knee Massacre occurred.
1891 : The Indian Education authorized the Commissioner of Indian Affairs to make sure Indian children attended schools.
1898 : The Curtis Act amended the Dawes Act to extend its provisions and the allotment process of lands to the Five Civilized Tribes of Indian Territory (Choctaw, Chickasaw, Creek, Cherokee, Seminole)
1900 : Only about 200 000 Indians remained on the reservations
1906 : The Antiquities Act was adopted : Indians remains and everything that belonged to the Indians were now property of the US.
1919 : Congress extended American citizenship to Indian veterans of WWI
1922 : The Bursum Pueblo Land Bill sought to strip the New Mexico tribes of most of their remaining lands. This focused humanitarian and public attention on the plight of the Indians.
1924 : The Indian Citizenship Act extended US citizenship and voting rights to all American Indians.
1928 : The Institute for gvt Research published the Merriam Report which documented the wretched conditions on the reservations and at the Bureau schools.
First American Presidents :
1789 : George Washington became the 1st pst of the US (reelected in 1792)
1797 : John Adams : 2nd pst of the US
1801 and 1804 : Thomas Jefferson : 3rd pst of the Us
1809 : James Madison : 4th (reelected in 1812)
1817 : James Monroe : th, reelected in 1820
1825 : John Quincy Adams : 6th
1829 : Andrew Jackson : 7th
Apprends
1764
- The British Parliament passes the Sugar Act
What is the Sugar Act about
GB burdened by war debt. Introduced new taxes on sugar imported from non british carribean sources, to raise money => Sugar Act in 1764.
New taxes but also trade monopoly.
1764
- The British Parliament passed the Currency Act
What was the currency act
to regulate the paper money issued by the colonies. TO protect biritsh merchants and creditors.
1765
- The Stamp Act was passed
What was the Stamp Act
British were not happy with these new taxes and restraints. But British Parliament passed the Stamp Act on all printed materials, in 1765. Purpose was to pay for the cost of the biritsh army that was stationned in North America.
- Declaration of Rights ans Grievances :
“no taxation without representation” but reasserted allegiance to the Crown.
Upset americans : had to pay for the british army that were controlling them.
Sent this Declaration to the king, saying that these act were not legitimate. Saying they didn’t have any representative in the Parliament. “No representation, no taxation”
1765
- The Parliament enacted the Quartering Act
Required american colonies to provide housing, food, drink, transports to british forces stationned in their town or villages.
1766
- The Declaratory Act was issued by Parliament
Parliament reasserted through that act “full power and authority to Make laws in all cases whatsoever”
1767
- Parliament passed the Townshend Acts
Established new customs duties (taxes), asserted the parliament right to exerce authority upon the american colonies.
1770
- Boston Massacre
Resentment grew in american colonies. Movement of protest. They fired at the corwd and killed civilans
1773
- The Parliament voted the Tea Act
A new tax on tea imported from non british colonies. Not only was the BP imposing a tax, but further trade monopoly to prevent americans to trade freely with other countries.
=> Boston Tea Party
Boston Tea Party
Group of americans went onboeard a biritsh vessel and emptied all the tea bags in the sea, in the harbor. Lead to retaliation.
1774
- The British Parliament passed the Coercive Acts
Retaliation. Known as “intolerable acts”.
1774 (September)
- The First Continental Congress was formed
Increasing pressure, americans outraged, formed the first Continental Congress. Met in Philadelphia to discuss the taxes and everything the Parliament was doing. Enough was Enough. Sent another declaration to the king. In the first one they exposed what was wrong, in this one they still promised loyalty to the crown. Which means that there was no intention of becoming independent.
New restriction on trade were then imposed. British then sent more troops.
1775 (April)
- The American Revolutionary war started American Revolutionary War = War of Independence, 1775-83. At first, militias rather than organized armies, small battles rather than major conflicts
1775 (May)
The Second Continental Congress met in Philadelphia => George Washington as the Commander in Chief of the new Continental Army.
- trying to find a peaceful solution
1776 (July 4),
Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence.
Situation came to return point. Congress declared independence of the USA. Conflict escalated.
1777
- Congress adopted the Articles of Confederation
=> underlined people’s ‘inherent natural rights”
Before the war, 13 colonies, decided to fight together against the British to gain their independence. Worked on a document to regulate their relationship. Association between the colonies, how to work together duing the war. Wanted to kepp their autonomy each.
Weak Federal gvt, few powers to keep their autonomy, the Confederation was a “firm league of friendship”
No collection of taxes, coin money, no regulation of trade or settlments of fights between states.
1778
: France signed a treaty of alliance with the US : Brits = common enemy
