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Swallowing > L2 Normal Swallow Anatomy > Flashcards

L2 Normal Swallow Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

List the bones and hard structures that are important structures and landmarks in swallowing

A
  • maxillary palatal arch
  • mandible
  • ramus of mandible
  • cervical vertebra (1-7)
  • hyoid
  • dentition
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2
Q

Describe the maxillary palatal arch

A
  • forms the roof of the mouth and opposes the tongue

- has 3 sections, palatine rugae, hard palate and soft palate

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3
Q

Why is the rams of the mandible an important landmark?

A

On VFS when the bolus reaches the ramus that is when the pharyngeal swallow commences

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4
Q

The mandible is _______ during chewing and ___________ during swallowing

A

hinged

fixed

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5
Q

What structure is typically located at the level of C5-6

A

upper esophageal sphincter

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6
Q

Why do we need to consider the cervical vertebrae in relation to swallowing?

A
  • they serve as certain landmarks for swallowing

- cervical bony growth may impede swallowing

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7
Q

the __________ is unique in cervical vertebrae

A

transverse foramen

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8
Q

What is C1 called?

A

atlas

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9
Q

What is C2 called?

A

axis

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10
Q

What is the Atlanto-occipital joint?

A

articulation between the atlas and occipital bone

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11
Q

What movements are permitted at the atlanto-occipital joint?

A

flexion
extension
lateroflexion

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12
Q

The hyoid bone is anchored by ligaments to the _______ of the ______ bones of the skull

A

styloid process

temporal

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13
Q

Movement of the hyoid allows the _________ to passively relax and close the airway

A

epiglottis

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14
Q

What are the 4 categories of teeth

A
  • incisors
  • canines
  • premolars
  • molars
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15
Q

What process occurs if someone loses their teeth?

A

bone resorption and so the alveolar ridge diminishes

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16
Q

Sensation from chewing force, speed, and duration and how your jaw makes the excursion come from which cranial nerve

A

V - trigeminal

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17
Q

Children have _____ teeth and adults have _____ teeth (including wisdom)

A

20

32

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18
Q

What are the four quadrants of the teeth

A

upper left
upper right
lower left
lower right

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19
Q

What is the function of premolars?

A

crushing and grinding

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20
Q

What is a functional pair in relation to teeth?

A

A functional pair consists of a bottom tooth and the top tooth that meets it

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21
Q

Fewer than 8 functional pairs of teeth can have a negative effect on _________

A

chewing effectively

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22
Q

What is a Class I occlusion

A

normal

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23
Q

What is a class II malocclusion

A

over bite

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24
Q

What is a class III malocclusion

A

under bite

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25
Q

List the cartilages that are important structures and landmarks in swallowing

A 
thyroid
cricoid
cricoid lamina
epiglottis
arytenoids
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26
Q

What are the 3 types of cartilage?

A

hyaline, elastic and fibrocartilage

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27
Q

Describe the epiglottis

A
  • it has a cartilaginous base and soft tissue tip that rests behind the tongue base
  • composed to elastic cartilage
  • main layer of protection against choking
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28
Q

Describe the attachment of the epiglottis

A

it attaches anteriorly to the thyroid cartilage just above the VFs via the thyroepiglottic ligament

29
Q

What is the function of the arytenoids?

A

move and control the tension within the VFs

30
Q

Describe the movement of arytenoids during swallowing

A

they move forward to touch the base of the epiglottis during swallowing

31
Q

Describe the 3 layers of protection for the larynx during swallowing

A

1) epiglottis closes opening
2) VFs close
3) arytenoids move forward

32
Q

List the soft tissues/muscle groups that are important structures and landmarks in swallowing

A 
lips
face
tongue (tip, blade, root)
soft palate
faucial pillars
strap muscles
posterior pharyngeal wall
UES
esophagus
33
Q

What muscle surrounds the upper and lower lips

A

orbicularis oris

34
Q

what are the three types of papillae that have taste buds

A

foliate papillae
fungiform papillae
(circum)vallate papillae

35
Q

Describe filiform papillae

A
  • cone shaped
  • don’t contain taste buds
  • for mechanical purposes
36
Q

Describe circumvallate papillae

A

-aligned in v-shape at back of tongue just in front of the sulcus terminalis

37
Q

Describe fungiform papillae

A
  • shaped like small mushrooms

- mainly on dorsal surface and slightly on sides

38
Q

Describe foliate papillae

A

ridges and grooves in the side of the tongue

39
Q

The ________ of the tongue consists of the anterior two thirds and the __________ consists of the posterior one third

A

oral part

pharyngeal part

40
Q

Once the bolus reaches the _________ this starts the pharyngeal swallow

A

anterior faucial pillar

41
Q

____________ start at the level of the soft palate and continue to the level of the UES

A

pharyngeal constrictor muscles

42
Q

What are the points of insertion of the superior pharyngeal constrictor?

A

sphenoid, soft palate, base of tongue and mandible

43
Q

What are the points of insertion of the middle pharyngeal constrictor

A

hyoid

44
Q

What are the points of insertion of the inferior pharyngeal constrictor

A

thyroid and cricoid cartilages

45
Q

The ____________ muscle forms part of the USE

A

cricopharyngeus

46
Q

At rest, the cricopharyngeus muscle is __________

A

contracted

47
Q

The UES is comprised of 3 sets of muscles, what are they?

A
  • lower fibers of inferior pharyngeal constrictor
  • cricopharngeus muscle
  • upper fibers of esophagus
48
Q

Describe the esophagus

A

24cm long tube that connects mouth to stomach

-it is empty and collapsed at rest

49
Q

What are the three layers of the esophagus

A
  • inner mucosal
  • inner circular
  • outer longitudinal
50
Q

List the oral and pharyngeal spaces that are important structures and landmarks in swallowing

A
  • anterior and lateral sulci
  • nasopharynx, oropharynx, and hypopharynx
  • valleculae and pyriform sinuses
  • laryngeal vestibule
  • laryngeal ventricle
51
Q

What are the boundaries of the nasopharynx

A

-extends from base of skull to the top of the soft palate

52
Q

What are the boundaries of the oropharynx

A
  • extends from upper surface of uvula to the tip of the epiglottis
  • ant border is posterior aspect of tongue
  • lateral and post borders are the middle and part of inferior pharyngeal constrictor
53
Q

What are the boundaries of the laryngopharynx/hypopharynx

A

-extends from the tip of the epiglottis to the UES

54
Q

Describe the valleculae

A

-natural space formed between the base of tongue and the epiglottis (one on each side)

55
Q

Describe the pyriform sinuses

A

2 pockets formed bilaterally that are present during rest but also more prominent during swallowing
-medial border is aryepiglottic folds

56
Q

List the salivary gland the are important in swallowing

A

parotid
sublingual
submandibular

57
Q

All the saliva glands together produce saliva at a rate of ________ during rest and _______ during active secretion

A

0.1mL/min

4mL/min

58
Q

Total saliva secretion per day =

A

0.75 - 1.5 Ls

59
Q

The parotid gland produces ____% of saliva

A

25%

60
Q

The sublingual gland produces ______% of saliva

A

5%

61
Q

The submandibular gland produces _____% of saliva

A

up to 70%

62
Q

Describe the parotid glands

A
  • produce serous fluid only
  • largest set of glands
  • located in posterior and inferior cheeks, over ramus of mandible
63
Q

Describe the sublingual glands

A
  • produce mainly mucous + a little serous
  • considered a ‘mixed gland’
  • located immediately beneath the mucosal surface of floor of mouth, along internal surface of jaw
64
Q

Describe the submandibular glands

A
  • responsible for most of oral secretions
  • produce both serous and mucous
  • a mixed gland
  • located under mandible
65
Q

Salivary flow is controlled directly by _________ stimulation and indirectly by ___________ stimulation

A

sympathetic

parasympathetic

66
Q

Saliva is ____% liquid

A

99

67
Q

What are the components in saliva

A
  • liquid
  • enzyme that breaks down starch
  • serous
68
Q

what are the three function of saliva

A

1) antibacterial and antacid properties prevent tooth decay and infections
2) incorporating saliva into food makes bolus more manageable
3) saliva keeps oral mucosa moist which reduces friction along the path of the bolus and aids in swallow process

69
Q

What is the difference between penetration and residue?

A

anything within the aryepiglottic folds is considered penetration, and anything outside is considered residue

Swallowing (15 decks)

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