L2: Neurons

Question 1

Principle part of a multipolar neuron that serves as extension and receptive surfaces of a cell that receives messages from other cells

Answer 1

dendrites

Question 2

Principle region of a neuron that contains the cell nucleus

Answer 2

soma (cell body)

Question 3

Principle part of a multipolar neuron that is a single extension leading away from the cell body; transmits the cell’s output information in the form of electrical impulses

Answer 3

axon

Question 4

Principle part of a multipolar neuron that are specialized swellings at the ends of axon; transmit the neuron’s activity to other cells at synapses; aka?

Answer 4

axon terminals/terminal buttons/boutons

Question 5

Label:

Question 6

“Purpose” of neurons

3 “steps”?

Answer 6

communication

receive info from environment –> translate –> generate a response

Question 7

form of neural communication between neurons

Answer 7

Intercellular

Question 8

form of neural communication within one neuron

Answer 8

Intracellular

Question 9

__________ communication: sends “messages” in the form of chemical substances called __________

Answer 9

Intercellular communication: sends “messages” in the form of chemical substances called neurotransmitters

Question 10

messages are sent across a _______, a junction bw the sending neuron & the receiving neuron with _________ communication

Answer 10

messages are sent across a synapse, a junction bw the sending neuron & the receiving neuron with Intercellular communication

Question 11

brief, electrical/chemical events that travel from the receiving part of the neuron to the sending part of that same neuron?

Occurs within ________ communication

Answer 11

action potentials; intracellular communication

Question 12

Label the Major Parts of the Neuron:

Answer 12

Question 13

Major part of the neuron where neurons collect and integrate information, from the environment or from other cells

Parts?

Answer 13

Input Zone; dendrites & cell body

Question 14

Major part of the neuron where the decision to produce a neural signal is made

Parts?

Answer 14

Integration Zone; axon hillock

Question 15

Major part of the neuron where information can be transmitted over great distances

Parts?

Answer 15

Axon

Question 16

Major part of the neuron where the neuron transfers information to other cells

Parts?

Answer 16

Output zone; axon terminals

Question 17

The most common principle type of neurons that has many dendrites and a single axon

Answer 17

multipolar axon

Question 18

One of the 3 principle types of neurons that have a single dendrite at one end of the cell and a single axon at the other end

Answer 18

Bipolar Neuron

Question 19

One of the 3 principle types of neurons that have a single axon extension that branches in 2 directions after leaving the cell body

Answer 19

Unipolar Neuron

Question 20

Axon/Dendrite?

Usually 1/neuron, w/ many terminal branches

Answer 20

Axon

Question 21

Axon/Dendrite?

Usually many/neuron

Answer 21

dendrite

Question 22

Axon/Dendrite?

Uniform diameter until start of terminal branching

Answer 22

axon

Question 23

Axon/Dendrite?

Diameter that tapers progressively toward ending

Answer 23

dendrite

Question 24

Axon/Dendrite?

axon hillock present

Answer 24

axon

Question 25

Axon/Dendrite? present myelin sheath

Answer 25

axon

Question 26

Axon/Dendrite? lenght ranging from practically nonexistent to several meters long

Answer 26

axon

Question 27

difference in charge across membrane of the cell; inside of cell is negative compared to outside

Answer 27

membrane potential

Question 28

charge of a cell at rest; NOT receiving any NT; ~ 60mV

Answer 28

resting potential

Question 29

term used when the inside of a cell is made more positive in regards to the outside

Answer 29

depolarization

Question 30

term used when the inside of a cell is made more negative in regards to the outside

Answer 30

hyperpolarization

Question 31

process of making the inside of a cell from @ rest (very negative) to very positive; a complete reversal of charge

Answer 31

action potential

Question 32

Label the concentration of ions across the membrane at rest:

Answer 32

Question 33

type of passage that allows ions to move in any direction within the cell

Answer 33

ion channels

Question 34

Label steps of Action Potential:

Answer 34

Question 35

How many and which direction do Na+ & K+ flow in the Na+/K+ pump? Amount of neuron's energy Na+/K+ pump uses?

Answer 35

**3** Na+ flow **out** **2** K+ flow **in** **2/3**

Question 36

fatty insulation around an axon, formed by glial cells that improves the speed of conduction of nerve impulses

Answer 36

myelin

Question 37

What allows for Saltatory Conduction in an action potential?

Answer 37

Myelinated neuron

Question 38

gap bw successive segments of the myelin sheath where the axon membrane is exposed

Answer 38

nodes of ranvier

Question 39

2 Advantages of saltatory conduction:

Answer 39

Saves energy, faster nc reduced need Na+/K+ pumps

Question 40

3 types of Supporting Cells?

Answer 40

Astrocytes Oligodendrocytes Microglia

Question 41

type of glial cell that attach to blood vessels, regulating more blood flow to provide more supplies to neurons when they are active

Answer 41

astrocyte

Question 42

2 types of glial cells that form myelin and where are they located?

Answer 42

oligodendrocytes- CNS Schwann Cells- PNS

Question 43

type of glial cell that remove cellular debris from injured/dead cells

Answer 43

microglia

Question 44

Old Thinking: Neuroglia = why?

Answer 44

"nerve glue" - shelter neurons from the rest of the body as housekeepers & they do not transmit "information"

Question 45

New Glia Thinking: Gliotransmission: _________ show fluctuation in ______ leading to transmitter release & influences membrane potential of neurons

Answer 45

Gliotransmission: **Astrocytes** show fluctuation in **calcium** leading to transmitter release & influences membrane potential of neurons

Question 46

gaps that permit the free flow of substances into and out of the blood; protects the brain from toxins