L2: Neurons Flashcards
Principle part of a multipolar neuron that serves as extension and receptive surfaces of a cell that receives messages from other cells
dendrites
Principle region of a neuron that contains the cell nucleus
soma (cell body)
Principle part of a multipolar neuron that is a single extension leading away from the cell body; transmits the cell’s output information in the form of electrical impulses
axon
Principle part of a multipolar neuron that are specialized swellings at the ends of axon; transmit the neuron’s activity to other cells at synapses; aka?
axon terminals/terminal buttons/boutons
Label:
“Purpose” of neurons
3 “steps”?
communication
receive info from environment –> translate –> generate a response
form of neural communication between neurons
Intercellular
form of neural communication within one neuron
Intracellular
__________ communication: sends “messages” in the form of chemical substances called __________
Intercellular communication: sends “messages” in the form of chemical substances called neurotransmitters
messages are sent across a _______, a junction bw the sending neuron & the receiving neuron with _________ communication
messages are sent across a synapse, a junction bw the sending neuron & the receiving neuron with Intercellular communication
brief, electrical/chemical events that travel from the receiving part of the neuron to the sending part of that same neuron?
Occurs within ________ communication
action potentials; intracellular communication
Label the Major Parts of the Neuron:
Major part of the neuron where neurons collect and integrate information, from the environment or from other cells
Parts?
Input Zone; dendrites & cell body
Major part of the neuron where the decision to produce a neural signal is made
Parts?
Integration Zone; axon hillock
Major part of the neuron where information can be transmitted over great distances
Parts?
Axon
Major part of the neuron where the neuron transfers information to other cells
Parts?
Output zone; axon terminals
The most common principle type of neurons that has many dendrites and a single axon
multipolar axon
One of the 3 principle types of neurons that have a single dendrite at one end of the cell and a single axon at the other end
Bipolar Neuron
One of the 3 principle types of neurons that have a single axon extension that branches in 2 directions after leaving the cell body
Unipolar Neuron
Axon/Dendrite?
Usually 1/neuron, w/ many terminal branches
Axon
Axon/Dendrite?
Usually many/neuron
dendrite
Axon/Dendrite?
Uniform diameter until start of terminal branching
axon
Axon/Dendrite?
Diameter that tapers progressively toward ending
dendrite
Axon/Dendrite?
axon hillock present
axon
Axon/Dendrite?
present myelin sheath
axon
Axon/Dendrite?
lenght ranging from practically nonexistent to several meters long
axon
difference in charge across membrane of the cell; inside of cell is negative compared to outside
membrane potential
charge of a cell at rest; NOT receiving any NT; ~ 60mV
resting potential
term used when the inside of a cell is made more positive in regards to the outside
depolarization
term used when the inside of a cell is made more negative in regards to the outside
hyperpolarization
process of making the inside of a cell from @ rest (very negative) to very positive; a complete reversal of charge
action potential
Label the concentration of ions across the membrane at rest:
type of passage that allows ions to move in any direction within the cell
ion channels
Label steps of Action Potential:
How many and which direction do Na+ & K+ flow in the Na+/K+ pump?
Amount of neuron’s energy Na+/K+ pump uses?
3 Na+ flow out
2 K+ flow in
2/3
fatty insulation around an axon, formed by glial cells that improves the speed of conduction of nerve impulses
myelin
What allows for Saltatory Conduction in an action potential?
Myelinated neuron
gap bw successive segments of the myelin sheath where the axon membrane is exposed
nodes of ranvier
2 Advantages of saltatory conduction:
Saves energy, faster nc reduced need Na+/K+ pumps
3 types of Supporting Cells?
Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Microglia
type of glial cell that attach to blood vessels, regulating more blood flow to provide more supplies to neurons when they are active
astrocyte
2 types of glial cells that form myelin and where are they located?
oligodendrocytes- CNS
Schwann Cells- PNS
type of glial cell that remove cellular debris from injured/dead cells
microglia
Old Thinking: Neuroglia =
why?
“nerve glue”
- shelter neurons from the rest of the body as housekeepers & they do not transmit “information”
New Glia Thinking:
Gliotransmission: _________ show fluctuation in ______ leading to transmitter release & influences membrane potential of neurons
Gliotransmission: Astrocytes show fluctuation in calcium leading to transmitter release & influences membrane potential of neurons
gaps that permit the free flow of substances into and out of the blood; protects the brain from toxins
