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L2: Innate Immunity + Inflammatory Response Flashcards

1
Q

what did Edward Jenner demonstrate?

A

innoculation with cowpox could protect against small pox - ‘vaccination’

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2
Q

what major announcement was made by WHO in 1979?

A

total eradication of smallpox

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3
Q

What significance does Robert Koch have in immunology?

A

he proved that microorganisms cause disease ‘pathogens’

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4
Q

what is the immune response?

A

responses made against infection by potential pathogens

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5
Q

what is unique about the common innate immune responder macrophage?

A

it is present and readily available everywhere

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6
Q

why are antigens called antigens?

A

they stimulate ANTIbody GENeration

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7
Q

what are common antigens of pathogens that are recognised by the immune system?

A

proteins, glycoproteins and polysaccharides

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8
Q

can the innate immune system solely eradicate a disease?

A

yes

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9
Q

what 4 main tasks must the immune system fulfil in order to protect against disease?

A

1) Immunological Recognition
2) Immune Effector Functions
3) Immune Regulation
4) Immunological Memory

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10
Q

what is immunological recognition?

A

the presence of infection needs to be detected by innate system and adaptive system

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11
Q

what are immune effector functions?

A

it is how white blood cells contain and eliminate infection
examples: complement system, antibodies

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12
Q

what is immune regulation?

A

immune system must self-regulate

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13
Q

what happens if immune system can no longer self-regulate?

A

auto-immune disease

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14
Q

what does immunological memory offer?

A

protective immunity - subseqeunt exposure relays an immediate and stronger response

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15
Q

what are the initial defences against infection?

A

physical and chemical barriers

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16
Q

what happens when initial defences such as chemical and physical barriers are overcome by pathogen?

A

innate system responds

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17
Q

what are the 4 categories of disease causing organisms?

A

viruses, bacteria, (archaea, fungi) and parasites

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18
Q

how do viruses kill host cells?

A

inducing lysis during viral replication

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19
Q

how do bacteria kill host cells?

A

by producing toxins

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20
Q

what parasite causes malaria?

A

Plasmodium

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21
Q

how do large parasites such as worms cause infection?

A

by forming large cysts

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22
Q

what are the 3 strategies a host adopts to deal with threat?

A

avoidance, resistance and tolerance

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23
Q

what levels of defence does host protection rely on?

A

1) anatomic barriers - skin, mucus, epithlial cells, intestine (strong pH change)
2) Complement/ antimicrobial proteins - C3, defensins
3) Innate Immune Cells - macrophages, granulocytes, NK cells and epithelial cells
4) Adaptive Immunity - B cells/ antibodies, T cells

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24
Q

what function does the skin and mucosal surface have?

A

prevent exposure of internal tissues to microbes

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25
what do mucosal surfaces produce?
anti-microbial proteins that act as natura antibiotics to prevent pathogen entry
26
what is complement?
a group of 30 different plasma proteins they act together forming an important effector mechanism in serum and interstitial tissues
27
who discovered 2nd level of defence component: complement?
Jules Bordet
28
how does complement function?
within interstitial tissues, in conjuction with other antibodies, targets foreign molecules, contributes to both innate and adaptive response
29
what activates the immune system?
inflammatory inducers
30
what are inflammatory inducers?
bacterial lipopolysaccharides, ATP, urate crystals all found extracellularly
31
what do inflammatory inducers indicate?
the presence of microbes
32
what are inflammatory mediators?
these are molecules produced by sensor cells (macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic) in response to microbe inflammatory inducers, they act on target tissues such as epithelial cells, they cause amplification of the immune response
33
why are inflammatory inducers recognisable?
they are non-self and foreign, consisting of components unique to bacteria and viruses
34
why does the adaptive immune system eliminate infection more efficiently?
their antigen receptor specificity
35
which lineage comprises most of the cells of the innate immune system?
myeloid
36
which innate immune cells are part of the lymphoid lineage?
NK cells, dendritic is in both
37
what is the common myeloid progenitor (CMP)?
precursor of macrophages, granulocytes, mast cells and dendritic cells
38
what are granulocytes?
white blood cells called neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils
39
what makes up the 3 classes of phagocytes in the immune system?
macrophages, granulocytes and dendritic cells
40
what is the function of dendritic cells?
when immature they undergo phagocytosis of pathogens when mature they present antigens to T cells in a recognisable form enabling their activation
41
what immune cell is resident in almost all tissues?
macrophages
42
how do macrophages arise?
they arise from monocytes which form in the bone marrow, once entered into tissue it differentiates into macrophage
43
list the functions of macrophage
engulf and kill microbes, dispose of pathogens and infected cells, orchestrate immune response, induce inflammation, produce inflammatory mediators
44
what are granulocytes?
a type of myeloid, named for their densely staining granules, also named polymorphonuclear leukocytes (oddly shaped nuclei)
45
what are the 3 types of granulocyte?
neutrophil, eosinophil and basophil
46
how are the 3 types of granulocyte distingushed?
their different staining properties of their granules which have different functions
47
who discovered dendritic cells?
Ralph Steinman 1970s
48
how is initial discrimination between self and non-self substances possible?
sensor cells (myeloid innate cells) express Pattern Recognition Receptors that recognise simple molecules and regular patterns of molecular structure of microbes (PAMPs)
49
what was famously called the immunologists' 'dirty little secret'?
proteins in the form of purified antigens could only initiate a strong immune srepsonse with microbial constituents such as bacterial extracts
50
what are PAMPs?
pathogen associated molecular patterns
51
what allows macrophages to recognise different pathogens?
they express various receptors that recognise common bacterial characteristics and uncommon eukaryotic characteristics
52
in macrophages, what surface cell receptors are there?
mannose, scavenger and glucan receptor
53
in macrophages, what are TLR receptors?
toll-like receptors (TLR-1 TLR-2 dimer)
54
what do TLR macrophage receptors bind?
TLR-1/2 heterodimer: lipopeptides from pathogens such as gram positive bacteria TLR-4 binds both lipopolysaccharides from gram negative and lipoteichoic acids from gram positive bacteria
55
in macrophages, what are intracellular receptors?
NOD-like (nucleotide-binding and oligomerisation) bind diaminopimelic acid a component of gram positive bacteria cell wall
56
what types of PRR receptors are found in macrophages?
toll-like receptors, mannose, scavenger, glucan and NOD
57
what PRR is transmembrane in macrophage?
TLR
58
what is the principle effector functions of macrophages and neutrophils?
phagocytosis and the amplification of immune response by producing inflammatory mediators
59
how do sensor cells such as macrophages and neutrophils induce an inflammatory response?
-production of inflammatory mediators chemokines and cytokines -this recruits other cells to the tissue undergoing attack, causing inflammation
60
what is a cytokine?
any protein that is secreted by immune cells that affects the behaviour of nearby cells bearing appropriate receptors
61
what response do cytokines induce?
amplification of an effector mechanism of the target cell
62
what are chemokines?
subgroup of secreted proteins, they act as chemoattractants, they attract cells that bear chemokine receptors (neutrophils and monocytes) they help organise cells in lymphoid tissues
63
where are neutrophils and monocytes found?
blood stream
64
what happens when macrophage releases cytokines?
permeability of blood vessels occurs, this activates neutrophils and monocytes allowing them to enter tissue
65
what happens when macrophage releases chemokines?
they direct the migration of neutrophils into the tissues, change in stickiness of endothelial vessel wall, immune system cells crawl through
66
what cells enters the site of inflammation first?
macrophages already present neutrophils monocytes (immediately specialise into macrophages)
67
what are the symptoms of inflammation?
redness, swelling, heat, pain
68
what are the principle inflammatory cells?
neutrophils and macrophages
69
what latin words describe inflammation?
calor, dolor, rubor and tumor heat, pain, redness, swelling
70
how does inflammation occur?
dialation and increased permeability of blood vessels
71
what is the reason for pain in inflammation?
migration of immune cells into tissues
72
describe NK cells
large, granular, lymphoid-like, function in innate immunity they lack antigen specific receptors

Immunology (5 decks)

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