L2- inclusive fitness theory Flashcards
how did darwin tackle cooperation in mutualism and altruism
he found that no species had been formed for the good of another species - mutualism
but there are sterile species, they are not doing it for the good of the orchid but for the good of the community or family- altruism
what is social darwinism
dog eat dog world, eugenics everyone is out for themselves
-very popular after darwin, Victorian era
what did peter kropotkin talk about
how prevalent cooperation is in society and for evolution
who is RA Fisher, neo-darwinism
modern synthesis that brings together natural selection, mendelian genetics and population genetics, he said traits favoured by natural selection are those that enhance individual fitness but,
there are also indirect effects in cases which an animal favours the survival and reproduction in relatives (altruism)
who is JBS Haldane and what did he contribute to neo-darwinism
q- would he lay down his life for his brother
no but 2 brothers or 8 cousins, relatadeness coefficient (0.5 sibling identical, 0.125 cousins)
who is Hamilton and what did he contribute to theory of altruism in evolution
ultimate criteria that determines whether ( a gene for altruism) gene will spread is not whether the behaviour is to the benefit of the individual but to the gene, this only happens in related individuals that have chance of sharing gene
so what is hamiltons inclusive fitness theory
a gene that increases transmission to next generation by increasing fitness of -
- individual it is in (direct fitness)
- individuals with copies of that gene (indirect fitness / kin-selection)
both of these make inclusive fitness
what is a behaviour which is
beneficial for actor, beneficial on recipient
beneficial for actor, harmful on recipient
harmful for actor, beneficial on recipient
harmful for actor, harmful for recipient
beneficial for actor, beneficial on recipient-
mutually beneficial
beneficial for actor, harmful on recipient-
selfish
harmful for actor, beneficial on recipient-
altruistic
harmful for actor, harmful for recipient -
spiteful
what is mutualistic cooperation
provides immediate or delayed benefit to actors fitness
what is altruistic cooperation
cooperation is costly to the fitness of the actor
what is the definition of cooperative behaviour
cooperative behaviour benefits another individual and has been selected for at least in part, because its beneficial effect on recipient
What is Hamilton’s rule
used to understand whether a social trait is adaptive or not
altruism evolves if
rb > c
rb - c > 0
r- relatedness, b- benefit to recipient, c- cost to actor
how do turkeys show kin selection cooperation
males form coalitions to court females, dominant will get all matings so why do subordinates bother?
relatedness= r = 0.42
benefit to dominant = (number of offspring produced by dom- no. of offspring produced by solitary male= b = 6.1
cost to subordinate= no. of offspring produced by solitary male - no. of offspring produced by subordinate male = c- 0.9
rb - c > 0
(0.42 x 6.1) - 0.9 = 1.7
so cost of helping is outweighed by kin-selected benefits
how do you quantify direct and indirect fitness
is difficult- you need proxies for fitness eg
production of offspring, not adults, in lifetime
snapshot of productivity
single season or reproductive attempt, offspring condition, mating success
survival across a discrete time interval
energy budget food intake ect
how has evolution of life in earth formed, what mechanisms
- origin of chromosomes
- origin of eukaryotes
- origin of sex
- orgin of multicellularity
- orgin of social groups
- origin of social groups
- origin of human society / language
what is hypothesis of why multicellularity would form
why should single cells join to become mutually dependent
- high relatedness between cells played key role in transition to multicellularity
obligate (organism cell cant live by itself ) v facultative (cells can live together but also by itself) multicellularity- a differing level of commitment to multicellularity, one paper found that relatedness was clonal ( all cells in organism are identical), or none clonal (cells not related) found nonclonal was only found in faculative cells, and obligate cells were only fond in clonal cells (all related)- supports relatedness
also found number of cells types (specialisation), was related with clonal cells, more specialisation in clonal cells
the probability of sterile cells (altruism), is also found more in clonal cells, identical-
all evidence of relatedness
