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Sc 24 Healthy Nervous System > L2 Functional Organisation of the Nervous System > Flashcards

L2 Functional Organisation of the Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Prosopagnosia

A

Face blindness

Ability to recognise faces is impaired but other aspects of visual processing & intellectual functioning remain intact.

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2
Q

Axis naming conventions

Rostral

Caudal

A

Rostral = head

Caudal = tail

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3
Q

Axis naming

Sagittal

Dorsal

Ventral

A

sagittal = side

Dorsal = Posterior

Ventral= Anterior

Remember AV like the old TV channel and DP

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4
Q

Coronal/Axial

Frontal plane = coronal

Transverse plane = Axial

A

Coronal : divides body into ventral and dorsal

Axial: divides body into superior and inferior parts

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5
Q

CNS

A
  • continuous inner lumen filled with cerebrospinal fluid
  • wrapped in meninges
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6
Q

Development

A
  • neural tube closure defines dorsal/posterior
  • neurulation
    • failure of this is fairly common (leads to holes in the spine etc)
  • major CNS subdivisions along subdivisions along axis
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7
Q

Ventricles

Lumen Expansions in Cranium

A
  • Sets of communicating cavities within the brain
  • Site of Choroid plexus
    • makes CSF
  • Cerebrospinal fluid/ blood barrier here
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8
Q

Closure defects

Failure of closure causes:

A

Multiple Independent closure events

  • Anencephaly
  • Craniorachishisis
  • Spina bifida (most common)
    • spinabifida occulta
    • spinabifidia cystica
      • meningocele
      • meningomyelocele
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9
Q

Summary 1

A
  • central nervous system is a fluid filled tube
  • brain regions along the rostrocaudal axis
  • tube is expanded around cranial ventricles
  • wrapped in meninges and major blood vessels
  • neurulation defects result in closure failure
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10
Q

What causes Lumbar Cistern formation?

A

Differential growth.

Lumbar cistern - place where CSF is withdrawn from.

Lumbar puncture at these sites:

  • L3/4
  • L4/5
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11
Q

Spinal cord

A

Ascending tracts = sensory

Descending = motor

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12
Q

Local reflexes

descending (motor) tracts

A

Local reflexes:

  • Mediated by local spinal circuits

Descending (motor) tracts:

  • Modulate reflexes
  • Execute movements
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13
Q

Hinbrain

Made up of:

  • PONS
  • MEDULLA
A
  • cranial nerves
    • sensory and motor for head
  • hearing, balance
    • vestibulocochlear nuclei
  • • major connections to spine
    • ascending & descending
  • inputs to cerebellum inputs to cerebellum
    • pons
  • CONTROLS:
    • breathing - hence can’t breathe if Hindbrain damaged
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14
Q

Cerebellum

A
  • posture, eye movements, spinal motor, vestibular nuclei
  • assesses body position & compares to motor command
  • motor learning motor learning
  • measuring, timing

DAMAGE LEADS TO: Ataxia

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15
Q

Midbrain

responsible for subconscious respones

A
  • posterior/dorsal
    • colliculi (
      • vision/hearing - 2 of these
  • anterior/ventral
    • oculomotor nuclei
    • dopamine producing cells

DAMAGE LEADS TO:

  • eye movement defects
  • Parkinson’s disease
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16
Q

Diencephalon

A
  • thalamus = dorsal diencephalon
  • sensory relay to cortex (thalamus)
  • reciprocal cortex-thalamus connectivity
  • where consciousness is thought to be (Francis Crick)

Damage to can lead to:

  • Coma - or locked in syndrome

Thalamus is the hub for information flow

17
Q

Basal Ganglia

A
  • modulate cortical activity
  • cognitive reward, learning and motivation

Damage leads to:

  • Huntington’s
  • Parkinson s’ Disease
18
Q

Telencephalon

A

Made up of:

Basal Ganglia

Cortex

19
Q

Summary 2

A

CNS is functionally regionalised

  • spinal cord
  • medulla and pons
  • cerebellum
  • midbrain
  • diencephalon
  • telencephalon

• Damage to a given region results in specific deficits

20
Q

Cortex

Responsible for executive function

A

Local damage results in characteristic defects

21
Q

Cortical Function

Pre-Frontal Lobe Damage can affect:

A
  • association cortex
  • character and personality
  • gaze control
  • learned tasks
22
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

Largest brain commisure

Place where the 2 hemishperes are joined

23
Q

Summary 3

A
  • Cortex is divided into multiple functional regions
  • Damage to a given region results in specific deficits
  • Many motor and sensory regions show an internal topographic organisation
  • Corpus callosum links the cerebral hemispheres and is the largest brain commissure

Sc 24 Healthy Nervous System (9 decks)

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