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Locomotion > L2 Cartilage and Endochondrial Ossification > Flashcards

L2 Cartilage and Endochondrial Ossification Flashcards

1
Q

what are the three functions of cartilage?

A

support where flexibility required
shock abs
smooth articular surfaces

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2
Q

what cell is present in cartilage

A

chondrocytes , encased in lacunae

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3
Q

if lacunae containing chondrocytes are packed closely together what does this mean? what is the term for this ?

A
  • proliferation has been recent

“interstitial growth”

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4
Q

what is the extracellular matrix composed of?

A
  • type II collagen

- amorphous extracellular material

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5
Q

what is the amorphous extracellular material within the cartilage matrix composed of?

A
  • proteoglycans and hyaluronan
  • proteoglycan = core protein w/ side chain of sulphated glycosaminoglycan (GAG)
  • hyaluronan = non sulphated GAG
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6
Q

explain why cartilage is highly resistant to compression?

A
  • GAGs within the amorphous extra cell material of the matrix have multiple -ve charge therefore are strongly HYDROPHILIC = draws water
  • swelling pressure of hydrophilic prtoeglycan aggregates counteracted w/ tension of collagen II fibres = high resistance to compression
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7
Q

what are the three types of cartilage?

A
  • hyaline
  • elastic
  • fibrocartilage
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8
Q

where can hyaline cartilage be found?

A
  • resp tract (cricoid cart in larynx, trachea, bronchi)
  • ventral ends of the ribs
  • articular cartilage
  • growth plates
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9
Q

in all locations except for ________ and _______, hyaline cartilage has a _________.

A

a) articular surface cartilage
b) growth plate
c) PERICHONDRIUM

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10
Q

hyaline cartilage has a high/low ratio of GAGs:collagen

A

HIGH

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11
Q

cells are arranged randomly/organised within hyaline cartilage

A

RANDOMLY except for in growth plates = cells arranged in columns

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12
Q

elastic cartilage can be found in?

A
  • external ear

- epiglottis

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13
Q

what kind of fibres are found within the matrix of elastic cartilage?

A

lastic fibres

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14
Q

does elastic cartilage have a perichondrium?

A

YA

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15
Q

fibrocartilage can be found in?

A
  • intervertebral discs

- cardiac skeleton

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16
Q

fibrocartilage has a high/low ration of GAGs:collagen

A

LOW

17
Q

does fibrocartilage have a perichondrium?

A

NO

18
Q

chondrocytes are arranged randomly/organised in fibrocartilage?

A

ORGANISED - arranged in lines b/w bundles of fibre

19
Q

describe the stepwise process of endochondral ossification ie/ hypertrophy, invasion, resporption

A
  • begin w/ formation of cartilage model
  • HYPERTROPHY of chondrocytes
  • formation of periosteal been collar (some mesenchymal cells diff into osteoblast and secrete bone)
  • INVASION of cartilage by blood vessel, osteoblast, bone marrow precursor
  • RESORPTION of CARTILAGE by osteoclast
  • DEPOSITON of bone on cartilage remnants by osteoblast
20
Q

the site where ossification begins is known as the

A

primary centre for ossification

21
Q

long bones have a primary centre of ossification and most also have a ______

A

secondary centre of ossification

22
Q

hypertrophy of chondrocytes begins in which region of one?

A

mid-diaphysis

23
Q

primary trabecular in the mid shaft region is resorbed to allow space for what?

A

the bone marrow

24
Q

what factors regulate proliferation of chondrocytes for endochondral ossification?

A
  • Growth hormone acting through insulin-like-growth factor (IGF-1) secreted from liver and locally by chondrocyte
  • bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP)
  • inhibited by signalling through fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGF)
25
Q

what factors regulate cartilage matrix secretion?

A
  • IGF1

- BMPs

26
Q

what factors regulate hypertrophy?

A
  • stimulated through thyroid hormones acting through release by chondrocyte IGFs and FGFs, and suppression of parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP)
27
Q

what factors regulate the invading cells ie/ blood vessels

A
  • vascular endothelial growth factor VEGF stim angiogenesis
  • BMPs stim osteoblast diff
  • RANKL stimm osteoclast diff
28
Q

defective regulation of behavioural growth plate chondrocytes is a result of mutation in genes encoding what?

A
  • cartilage matrix proteins
  • hormones, or growth factors regulating endochondrial ossification OR their receptors, intracell mediators of their effects
29
Q

what are two examples of mutations of genes encoding endochondrial ossification?

A
  1. mutation of aggrecan gene responsible for bulldog dwarfism (chondrodysplasia) in dexter cattle
  2. IGF-1 allele major determinant of small size in dogs

Locomotion (3 decks)

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