L2-5

Question 1

Word origin: prokaryotes

Answer 1

before nucleus

Question 2

Word origin: eukaryotes

Answer 2

truly (have nucleus)

Question 3

two types of prokaryotes and their environments

Answer 3

eubacteria- familiar environemnts

archaea- hostile + fmailiar

Question 4

3 features of prokarytoes

Answer 4

no nucleus/membrane

circualr dna

Question 5

what does membranes allwo

Answer 5

compatmentalise= allows variations of conditions

Question 6

what are the 3 things that have a double membrane

Answer 6

nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplast

Question 7

diff. between glycolipids and glycoproteins

Answer 7

on membrane carbohydrate groups
glycolip= attach to lipids
prot= attach to proteins

Question 8

what is allowed through membrane

Answer 8

small hydrophilic + uncharged polar

Question 9

what requires a transporter across membrane

Answer 9

large polar + ions

Question 10

diff between heterochromatin + euchromatin

Answer 10

H= condensed

E- not condednsed

Question 11

which membrane of the mitochondria is permeable to ions

Answer 11

outer

Question 12

4 basics of steps of energy production

Answer 12

glucose > pyruvate
pyruvate > acetyl CoA
citric acid cycle (acetyl > NADH)
ETC (NADH > electrons> H> ATP)

Question 13

what occurs in cytoplasm of energy production

Answer 13

glucose > pyruvate

Question 14

What is pyruvate converted to

Answer 14

acetyl coa

Question 15

explain citric acid cycle

Answer 15

= mitochondria

= acetyl coa > oxidesed to co2, nadh

Question 16

electron transfer chain condensed reaction

Answer 16

NADH > 2e > hydrogen > ATP

Question 17

steps of ECT

Answer 17

• NADH electrons pass through 3 complexes + 2 mobile electron carriers = proton grad (increase hydrogen concentrations inter membrane v matrix
• H more through ATP synthose membrane to matrix = ATP

Question 18

2 sets of reactions in chloroplasts

Answer 18

light harvesting

carbohydrate production

Question 19

2 organelles of choroplasts

Answer 19

thylakoids, lumen

Question 20

explain light harvesting

Answer 20

light energy collected by pigments > NADH + ATP

Question 21

Explain carbohydrate cycle in chloroplasts

Answer 21

calvin cycle

uses ATP and NADH of light harvesting > sugars

Question 22

two faces of golgi apparatus

Answer 22

cis= adjacten to ER
Trans= points toward membrane

Question 23

explain exocytic pathway

Answer 23

1. proteins synthesised on RER + glycosylated (sugar attached)
2. vesicles bud of ER + fuse with cis golgi + glycosylated
   3/leave trans face

Question 24

3 components of cytoskeleton

Answer 24

1. actin, intermediate, microtubules

Question 25

function + place of actin fil

Answer 25

cell shape (only on inside membrane)

Question 26

place of intermediate fil

Answer 26

cytoplasm + nucleus (attachment for chromatin)

Question 27

explain microtubules

Answer 27

hallow tube | extend from structure

Question 28

requirements for hydrogen bonds

Answer 28

polarised molecule with hydrogen thats b/w two electron attracting atoms

Question 29

two roles of carbohydrates

Answer 29

structural, energy source

Question 30

is fatty acid hydrophobic or hydrophilic

Answer 30

amphipathic= | hydrophilic carbonyl head + hydrocarbon hydrophilic tail

Question 31

what are fatty acids stored as

Answer 31

triacylglerid

Question 32

structure of triacylglerid

Answer 32

3 fatty acids + one glycerol

Question 33

dif. b/w triaclyglyceride and phospholipis

Answer 33

phopspho= 2 fatty acid and phosphate (instead of FA) + hydrophilic group attached

Question 34

what increases fluidity of membranes

Answer 34

unsaturated tails

Question 35

diff b.w pyrimidine and purines

Answer 35

py= 6 ring | pur- 6 +5 ring

Question 36

what linkages of for nucleic acids

Answer 36

Hydroxyl group on carbon 3' condensation reaction with 5' carbon of next pentose

Question 37

how are two dna strands helming together

Answer 37

H bonds

Question 38

3 parts of an amino acid

Answer 38

carboxylic acid amino side chain (r)

Question 39

how are amino acids linked

Answer 39

peptide bond = carboxylic group + amnio group