L2 Flashcards
Before the advent of written records, prehistoric
humans developed innovative tools and
techniques that helped them survive and thrive in
their environments.
Prehistoric Innovations
From stone tools to fire-
making, these early innovations set the stage for
future scientific advancements.
Prehistoric Innovations
Going places and discover new horizons
Search for food, trade
Navigation assisted them and allowed them to
return home
Animals → ancient wheel
Sumerians
Transportation and Navigation
with natives to facilitate trade
and prevent conflicts
Communicate
Record-keeping is needed to remember the
places
Communication
It is vital to keep records of their history and
culture so they can establish their identities
Communication
Increase food production to meet population demand
Mass production
Weapons and armors – for security and protection
Security
Conservation of life – discovery
of cures and prevention of
diseases
Health
build structures that would meet their
specific needs and wants
Engineering
elaborate architectural designs were
signs of technological advancements
Architecture
• Style = technological advances (signature of
civilization)
• Status symbol
• Nation identity
Engineering and Architecture
people become visually presentable and appealing
by adding some features and ornaments in their
body
Aesthetic
is located on the southernmost tip of
ancient Mesopotamia.
Sumerian
are known for their high degree of
cooperation with one another and their desire for
great things
Sumerian
3500-2000 BCE
Sumerian Civilization
Oldest form of writing; great contribution for the
writing system
Cuneiform
A system that utilizes word pictures and triangular
symbols which are carved on clay using instruments
and then left to dry
Cuneiform
Allowed Sumerians to keep records of things with
great historical value
Cuneiform
Were not made for transportation but for farm
work and food processes
Wheel
made food production easier;
milling is faster
Wheel and Axle
Means of transportation through
waterways
Sailboats
Mode of transportation that requires not
much human resource
Sailboats
Was invented to dig the ground where seeds
would be planted
Sumerian Plow
Farmers were able to cultivate larger parcels
of land faster for mass food production
Sumerian Plow
developed the first roads
Sumerians
▪ Same technology in making sunbaked
bricks
▪ Poured bitumen to smoothen the
roads
Roads and Pavement
Also called the mountain of god
The Great Ziggurat of Ur
Was constructed using sunbaked bricks
The Great Ziggurat of Ur
Served as the sacred place of their chief god;
only priests were allowed to enter
The Great Ziggurat of Ur
Has intricate and elaborate Sumerian
architecture
The Great Ziggurat of Ur
First true city in the world
Uruk City
Built by using mud or clay from the
river, mixed with reeds to form sunbaked
bricks
Uruk City
were used to make houses
Bricks
One of the most beneficial engineering work.
Dikes and Irrigation
Built to be able to maintain food production
Irrigation and Dikes
Sumerians created dikes and irrigation canals
to bring water to fields and at the same time
control the flooding of the rivers
Irrigation and Dikes
was the capital of the ancient land
of Babylonia in southern Mesopotamia.
City of Babylon
• Situated on the Euphrates River about 50 miles south
of modern Baghdad
• With tremendous wealth and power; monumental size
and appearance
• The ground is very fertile and produces wild barley,
chickpea, and sesame.
• The land is also rich with dates, apples, and other fruit
as well as fish and birds
• Babylonians were great builders, engineers and
architects
Babylonian Civilization
Made of layers upon layers of
gardens that contained several
species of plants, trees, and vines
Hanging Gardens of Babylon
Were one of the Seven Wonders of
the Ancient World listed by Hellenic
culture
Hanging Gardens of Babylon
According to one legend, the Hanging Gardens
were built alongside a grand palace known as________ by _________ for his median wife_________, because she missed the green hills and valleys of her homeland.
Marvel of Mankind, the Neo-Babylonian King
Nebuchadnezzar II, Queen Amytis
➢ Located in North Africa
➢ Noted for the infrastructures established
by the pharaohs
➢ Contributed to practical things that the
world considers as essential
Egyptian Civilization
Not the first to develop system of writing (Clay tablets)
Paper or Papyrus
was a plant that grew along the Nile river
Papyrus
▪ Lightweight, strong, durable and portable
▪ Easier documentation and record-keeping
Paper or Papyrus
Invented by combining soot with
different chemicals to produce inks of
different colors
Ink
Must withstand the elements of nature
and tamper-proof
Ink
System of writing developed by Egyptians
Hieroglyphics
Was the language that tells the modern world
of the history and culture of Egypt, and they
were well-preserved since they were carved at
the walls of the pyramids and other structures
Hieroglyphics
▪ Used to irrigate land
▪ Hand operated to lift water
▪ Efficient farming
Shadoof
Utilizes gravity that affects the flow
of water from one vessel to the other
Water Clock/Clepsydra
• The amount of water remaining in
the device determines how much
time has elapsed since it is full
▪ Time-keeping device
Egyptian Civili
Water Clock/Clepsydra
Was for health and aesthetic reasons
Cosmetics
Egyptians wore _______ around the eyes to prevent and
even cure eye diseases
Kohl
was created by mixing malachite with mineral
galena
Kohl
They also believed that a person wearing make-up
was protected from evil and that beauty was a sign
of ________.
holiness.
Were worn for health and wellness
Wig
Used to protect the heads of the wealthy
from harmful rays of the sun
Wig
is an archipelago in the southeastern
part of Europe
Greece
Contributed much to the fields of science
and technology
Greek Civilization
Known as the birthplace of western
philosophy
Greek Civilization
Used large complicated mechanisms
Alarm Clock
Made use of water (sands) that dropped
into drums which sounded the alarm
Alarm Clock
▪ Considered as one of the most important
contributions of the Greeks
▪ For agricultural processes like milling of grains
Water Mill
▪ ancient Greek astronomical calculator
Antikythera mechanism
used to calculate and display information about
astronomical phenomena
Antikythera mechanism
described as the oldest known example of an
analogue computer used to predict astronomical
positions and eclipses decades in advance
Antikythera mechanism
▪Strongest political and social entity in the west
▪Cradle of politics and governance
Roman Civilization
Major contribution of Roman Civilization
Newspaper
_________ newspaper containing announcements of
empire
Gazettes-1st
Engraved in metal or stone tablets
Newspaper
For record keeping (RC)
Bound Book or Codex
started the tradition of stacking
up papyrus to form pages of a book
Julius Caesar
Bound papyrus pages covered by
animal skin-Codex
Pioneer – since they adapted new building and
engineering technology or architectural designs
Roman architecture
Old number systems could not keep up with high
calculation requirements
Roman Numerals
devised their own number system
Romans
Known as a Hero’s engine
Aeolipile
Precursor of steam engine
Aeolipile
A simple, bladeless radial steam turbine which
spins when the central water container is heated
Aeolipile
made significant contributions to science and
technology, including the invention of hieroglyphic writing and the development of astronomy and medicine.
Ancient Egyptian
pioneered advancements in agriculture,
mathematics, and the invention of the wheel.
Mesopotamian civilizations
made important strides in philosophy, mathematics, and
natural sciences, laying the groundwork for modern scientific methodologies.
Ancient Greeks
Known as Dark Age.
MIDDLE AGES/MEDIAVAL AGES
It is the period of colonization and
adventure.
MIDDLE AGES/MEDIAVAL AGES
There was a war between religion and
science; started with massive invasions and
migrations.
MIDDLE AGES/MEDIAVAL AGES
Wars were prevalent during this time, great
technology was needed in the fields of
weaponry, navigation, mass food and farm
productions, and health.
MIDDLE AGES/MEDIAVAL AGES
• Harness clay soil
• Turned European agriculture and economy
on its head
Heavy plough/plow
Gunpowder \ Silk
MIDDLE AGES: Chinese Civilization
Created by alchemist to achieve immortality –
Elixir of Life
GUNPOWDER
Chinese term meaning fire potion
Huoyao
• Accidental: mixed charcoal, sulfur and
potassium nitrate → black powder
• Produce heat and gas in an instant
• Preferred long range weapon.
GUNPOWDER
Produced by silkworms
Silk
• Used to make paper and clothing
• Opened China to the outside world
Silk
• Cultural, economic and scientific exchanges
• Bridged gap between the west and the middle
kingdom
Silk
is known for tea exportation and has since became
the most popular beverage in the world.
China
1st tea was for the _______
Emperor
Chinese inventor created a machine that shreds tea leaves
into strips
Tea Production
Once considered to be the only man-made
structure visible from space.
GREAT WALL OF CHINA
Largest and most extensive structure built in China.
• To keep invaders at bay
• Stone bricks, wood, earth, mud
• Pride of the nation and crowning glory
GREAT WALL OF CHINA
▪ 17th century
▪ An offshoot of the invention of block printing – stamping
▪ Replaced the use of gold and silver as currencies
▪ Paper money are convenient to carry around especially for merchants
Paper Money
▪ Used for transforming fiber into thread or yarn and
eventually to cloth
▪ Invented by Indians (6th
-11th century)
▪ Breakthrough of linen production
Spinning wheel
▪ Clockwork technology developed
▪ For accurate time-keeping
Mechanical Clock
Printing Press
Johan Gutenberg
A more reliable way of printing using a
cast type.
Printing Press
He utilized wooden machines that
extracted juices from fruits, attached to
them a metal impression of the letters,
and pressed firmly the cast metal into a
piece of paper, which then made an exact
impression on paper. (printing press)
Johan Gutenberg
the challenge to keep manufactured food from deteriorating was greater for dairy products, especially milk, since they spoil faster.
Pasteurization
a French biologist, microbiologist, and chemist found a way to solve the problem. He invented pasteurization, the process of heating dairy products to kill harmful
bacteria that causes spoilage
Louis Pasteur
• Modern times= power
• Animal oil
• Used to generate light
• Samuel Kier
• Invent kerosene by refining petroleum
• Kerosene (illuminating oil)
• Light →heat
Petroleum Refinery
• Communication /connections
• Trade and exploration
• City maintenance
• Allows quick access to a person
Samuel Kier
and reply can be quickly made
to decisions that are time
sensitive.
Telephone
paved the way to the
development of complex processing
machines line computer
Calculator
______ is credited for the
invention of the 1st microscope 1590
• Dutch spectacle maker
• Putting together several lenses in a tube
• Far greater than a simple magnifying
glasses =#X-10X
• Important tool in medicine, forensics,
tissue analysis, genetics, microbiology
Zacharias Janssen,
COMPUND MICROSCOPE
Zacharias Janssen
• Most important for astronomy
• Could magnify objects 20 times larger
Telescope
Telescope
Galileo Galilei
• Most critical drivers of the industrial
revolution
• Joseph Marie Jacquard (French)
• Simplify textile manufacturing
JACQUARD LOOM
Orville Wright and Wilbur Wright
ENGINE-POWERED AIRPLANE
• John Logie Baird (Scottish)
• Televised objects in outline (1924)
• Recognizable human faces ( 1925)
• Moving objects (1926)
• Projected color images (1928)
Television
Television
John Logie Baird
The discovery and application of ______ revolutionized industry, transportation, and communication.
Electricity
have become an integral part of our lives, transforming fields such as business, science, and entertainment.
Computers
The accidental discovery of _______ revolutionized medicine, saving countless lives through
the development of antibiotics.
Penicillin
The invention of the ______ has connected the world, allowing for instant communication,
information sharing, and global collaboration.
Internet
Advancements in science and
technology have led to
significant improvements in
healthcare, from new
treatments and diagnostics
to precision medicine and
medical imaging.
Healthcare
Technological advancements
have transformed
communication, making it faster,
more accessible, and enabling
global connections like never
before.
Communication
The rapid collection
and analysis of
personal data raise
concerns about
privacy and the
ethical use of
information.
Privacy
The development of
________
presents both
exciting possibilities
and ethical dilemmas,
such as the impact
on jobs and potential
biases.
AI
Science and technology
have a crucial role to
play in addressing the
challenges of climate
change, from renewable
energy solutions to
sustainable agriculture.
Climate Change
