L2 Flashcards
Comes from Latin word “______”
referring to the Will.
“Voluntas” ; Voluntariness
Essential to an act, without it an act is a mere act of man
Voluntariness
Degrees of Voluntariness
Perfect and Imperfect; Simple and Conditional; Positive and Negative
A type of voluntariness when the agent fully knows and fully intends the act
Perfect
A type of voluntariness when there is some defect in the agent’s knowledge, intention, or both.
Imperfect
is present in a human act done, whether the agent likes or dislikes doing it.
Simple voluntariness
is present in the agent’s wish to do something other than that which he is actually doing, but doing with dislike.
Conditional voluntariness
( Example: washing the dishes after the family meal )
Simple voluntariness
( Example: washing the dishes with a wish of just watching TV)
Conditional voluntariness
is present in a human act of doing, performing. It is present in an act that the agent is ought to do and is doing it.
Positive voluntariness
is present in a human act of omitting, refraining from doing. It is present in an act that the agent is not ought to do but is doing it.
Negative voluntariness
( Example: A student attends class on his scheduled time. )
Positive voluntariness
( Example: A student deliberately misses class. )
Negative voluntariness
Two Types of Voluntariness
Direct Voluntariness; Indirect Voluntariness
is present in a human act willed in itself.
Direct Voluntariness
is present in that human act which is the foreseen result of another act directly willed.
Indirect voluntariness
A human act that is directly willed is called __________ while that which is indirectly willed is called ___________.
voluntary in se ; voluntary in causa
A person is accountable for his actions and their consequences.
But is he also accountable for results not directly intended?
Paul Glenn considers a person accountable for indirectly voluntary results of his acts when: (1)
- The doer is able to foresee the evil results or effect, at least, in a general way;
A person is accountable for his actions and their consequences.
But is he also accountable for results not directly intended?
Paul Glenn considers a person accountable for indirectly voluntary results of his acts when: (2)
- The doer is free to refrain from doing that which would produce the foreseen evil;
A person is accountable for his actions and their consequences.
But is he also accountable for results not directly intended?
Paul Glenn considers a person accountable for indirectly voluntary results of his acts when: (3)
- The doer has moral obligation not to do that which would produces an evil effect.
The agent may lawfully perform an act which has two effects, one good and one evil, when the following conditions are met:
The goal itself must be good or at least morally neutral.
The good effect must not come about as a result of the evil effect, butmust come directly from the good action.
3. The evil effect must not bedesiredin itself but onlypermitted, if there is no other choice.
4. There must be a sufficiently grave reason for permitting the evil effect to occur.
Principle of Double Effect
The agent may lawfully perform an act which has two effects, one good and one evil, when the following conditions are met: (1)
- The goal itself must be good or at least morally neutral.
The agent may lawfully perform an act which has two effects, one good and one evil, when the following conditions are met: (2)
- The good effect must not come about as a result of the evil effect, butmust come directly from the good action.
The agent may lawfully perform an act which has two effects, one good and one evil, when the following conditions are met: (3)
- The evil effect must not bedesiredin itself but onlypermitted, if there is no other choice.
The agent may lawfully perform an act which has two effects, one good and one evil, when the following conditions are met: (3)
- There must be a sufficiently grave reason for permitting the evil effect to occur.
From these two principles, we may deduce the following thoughts before the performance of any act:
- We must do good; we must avoid evil.
- We must never do what is evil, even though good may be looked for and intended as a result of it
