L2

Question 1

Comes from Latin word “______”
referring to the Will.

Answer 1

“Voluntas” ; Voluntariness

Question 2

Essential to an act, without it an act is a mere act of man

Answer 2

Voluntariness

Question 3

Degrees of Voluntariness

Answer 3

Perfect and Imperfect; Simple and Conditional; Positive and Negative

Question 4

A type of voluntariness when the agent fully knows and fully intends the act

Answer 4

Perfect

Question 5

A type of voluntariness when there is some defect in the agent’s knowledge, intention, or both.

Answer 5

Imperfect

Question 6

is present in a human act done, whether the agent likes or dislikes doing it.

Answer 6

Simple voluntariness

Question 7

is present in the agent’s wish to do something other than that which he is actually doing, but doing with dislike.

Answer 7

Conditional voluntariness

Question 8

( Example: washing the dishes after the family meal )

Answer 8

Simple voluntariness

Question 9

( Example: washing the dishes with a wish of just watching TV)

Answer 9

Conditional voluntariness

Question 10

is present in a human act of doing, performing. It is present in an act that the agent is ought to do and is doing it.

Answer 10

Positive voluntariness

Question 11

is present in a human act of omitting, refraining from doing. It is present in an act that the agent is not ought to do but is doing it.

Answer 11

Negative voluntariness

Question 12

( Example: A student attends class on his scheduled time. )

Answer 12

Positive voluntariness

Question 13

( Example: A student deliberately misses class. )

Answer 13

Negative voluntariness

Question 14

Two Types of Voluntariness

Answer 14

Direct Voluntariness; Indirect Voluntariness

Question 15

is present in a human act willed in itself.

Answer 15

Direct Voluntariness

Question 16

is present in that human act which is the foreseen result of another act directly willed.

Answer 16

Indirect voluntariness

Question 17

A human act that is directly willed is called __________ while that which is indirectly willed is called ___________.

Answer 17

voluntary in se ; voluntary in causa

Question 18

A person is accountable for his actions and their consequences.
But is he also accountable for results not directly intended?
Paul Glenn considers a person accountable for indirectly voluntary results of his acts when: (1)

Answer 18

1. The doer is able to foresee the evil results or effect, at least, in a general way;

Question 19

A person is accountable for his actions and their consequences.
But is he also accountable for results not directly intended?
Paul Glenn considers a person accountable for indirectly voluntary results of his acts when: (2)

Answer 19

2. The doer is free to refrain from doing that which would produce the foreseen evil;

Question 20

A person is accountable for his actions and their consequences.
But is he also accountable for results not directly intended?
Paul Glenn considers a person accountable for indirectly voluntary results of his acts when: (3)

Answer 20

3. The doer has moral obligation not to do that which would produces an evil effect.

Question 21

The agent may lawfully perform an act which has two effects, one good and one evil, when the following conditions are met:

The goal itself must be good or at least morally neutral.
The good effect must not come about as a result of the evil effect, butmust come directly from the good action.
3. The evil effect must not bedesiredin itself but onlypermitted, if there is no other choice.
4. There must be a sufficiently grave reason for permitting the evil effect to occur.

Answer 21

Principle of Double Effect

Question 22

The agent may lawfully perform an act which has two effects, one good and one evil, when the following conditions are met: (1)

Answer 22

1. The goal itself must be good or at least morally neutral.

Question 23

The agent may lawfully perform an act which has two effects, one good and one evil, when the following conditions are met: (2)

Answer 23

2. The good effect must not come about as a result of the evil effect, butmust come directly from the good action.

Question 24

The agent may lawfully perform an act which has two effects, one good and one evil, when the following conditions are met: (3)

Answer 24

3. The evil effect must not bedesiredin itself but onlypermitted, if there is no other choice.

Question 25

The agent may lawfully perform an act which has two effects, one good and one evil, when the following conditions are met: (3)

Answer 25

4. There must be a sufficiently grave reason for permitting the evil effect to occur.

Question 26

From these two principles, we may deduce the following thoughts before the performance of any act:

Answer 26

1. We must do good; we must avoid evil.
2. We must never do what is evil, even though good may be looked for and intended as a result of it