L2

Question 1

～なければ（なら/いけ）ない；～なくては（なら/いけ）ない

Answer 1

must/have to/should
いけない : stating the obligation of the hearer
ならない : stating own obligation

Question 2

～など

Answer 2

list is not exhaustive

Question 3

Ｘ～はＹの一つだ

Answer 3

X is one of the Y

Question 4

Nにとって～

Answer 4

for/to N
～must be something important/difficult etc to N
N is usually a person/organisation/geographical unit

Question 5

Nの代わりに

Answer 5

in place of N/instead of N/to make up for N

Question 6

～ため（に）

Answer 6

～is a noun/V-present : ～indicates purpose/benefit
for the purpose/sake of ～/ in order to ～

～is adj/V-past : indicates reason
due to/because ～

Question 7

XかYか

Answer 7

either X or Y

Question 8

Nが見られる

Answer 8

can observe/is observed

Question 9

V-plainようになる

Answer 9

gradually can/cannot do something/

gradually stop doing something

Question 10

V-plain必要（がある/はない）

Answer 10

indicates necessity to do something

Question 11

Nの/V-dict/adj 場合（は/には）

Answer 11

if/when/in case

hypothetical situation

Question 12

何/いく+ counter + か

Answer 12

some ～