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L19 + 20 photosynthesis Flashcards

1
Q

What is solar energy captured and converted to?

A

Chemical potential as ATP and NADPH

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2
Q

What are ATP and NADPH used for after the light has been converted to them?

A

To convert cO2 to sugar phosphates (and then carbohydrates)

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3
Q

What is the net reaction of photosynthesis?

A

CO2 + H2O —-> (CH2O) + O2

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4
Q

What drives the oxidation of water and the reduction of CO2?

A

Solar energy. Which is converted into ATP and NADPH

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5
Q

Which electrons pass through the electron- transport chain?

A

The electrons from water oxidation

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6
Q

What else are the light reactions known as?

A

The light-dependent reactions

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7
Q

What are the light reactions?

A

-Electrons from the H2O oxidation drive the formation of a protein gradient. The gradient is then used to make ATP.
(the chemiosmotic synthesis of ATP)

  • Electrons from H2O oxidation eventually reduce NADP+ to NADPH
  • O2 is by-product of water oxidation
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8
Q

What does oxidation of water lead to?

A

ATP synthesis
Reduction of NADP+ to NADPH
O2 as a by-product

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9
Q

What are the dark reactions also known as?

A

The light-independent or carbon-fixation reactions

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10
Q

What are the dark reactions?

A

Reduction of gaseous CO2 to carbohydrate

Requires reducing power and energy- which is provided by NADPH and ATP

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11
Q

What are photosystems I and II?

A

Pigment-protein complexes that contain many proteins and pigmnts embedded in the thylakoid membrane

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12
Q

What are the pigments in PSI and PSII?

A

Chlorophyll and carotenoid

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13
Q

What are electrons conducted by in the photosystems?

A

From H2O bound in PSII to NADP+ bound in PSI

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14
Q

WHat are PSII and PSI linked by?

A

Cytochrome b6f complex (a third non-pigmented protein complex)

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15
Q

What is light captured by and where is it trapped?

A

Captured by antenna pigments and transferred among themselves until it reaches the special-pair chlorophyll molecules. The special pair acts as an energy trap.

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16
Q

What is the Z scheme?

A

Shows th electron transfer steps in their redox potential. The more positive the redox potential (v), the lower on the graph it is. (P680 = +1.0, is at the bottom of the graph)

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17
Q

What is the main order of complexes in the z scheme?

A

H20-oxidized—- P680, P680–> cytochrome bf complex—> P700, P700. then goes down the slope until it turnds NAD+ to NADPH

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18
Q

What is the order of the PSs?

A

PSII then PSI. wrong way round with cytochrome bf complex in middle

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19
Q

What does the absorption of light do to P680 and P700?

A

Light converts the chlorophyll dimers P680 and P700 (poor reducing agents) to P680* and P700* (good reducing agents)

20
Q

After releasing their electrons are P680* and P700* good reducing or oxidising agents?

A

Good oxidising agents

21
Q

What is recombination in photosynthesis and why is this bad?

A

The electrons are attracted to go back to P680 which is inefficient. The system has evolved so that less than 1% does this.

22
Q

In the pH gradient in photosynthesis, what is more acidic, the lumen of the stroma?

A

The lumen. pH difference of 3 units.

23
Q

What is photophosphorylation?

A

Sythesis of ATP which is dependent upon light energy

24
Q

What does chloroplast ATP synthase consist of?

A

Two major particles: Cfo and CF1
CFo spans the membrane, forms a pore for H+
CF1 protrudes into the stroma and catalyzes atp synthesis from ADP and Pi

25
How many protons move through chloroplast ATP synthase for 1 ATP to be made?
3 protons --> 1ATP
26
In the z scheme, for every 4 electrons transferred to 2nadph, how many protons are moved across the membrane and how many ATP are made?
8H+ moved across | 2-3 ATP made
27
For each CO2 fixed, how many NADPHs and ATP are required?
2nadph and 3 atp needed
28
What is cyclic electron transfer around the b6f complex thought to generate?
An extra proton for every electron extracted from water
29
In the absence of Co2, what happens to electrons generated by PSI?
They can be recycled through the b6f complex to maintain energy (ATP) production. Makes more ATP to be able to fix CO2
30
What do the dark reactions convert?
CO2--> carbohydrates
31
What are the dark reactions powered by?
ATP and NADPH
32
Where do the dark reactions happen and how?
In the chloroplast stroma by the reductive pentose phosphate cycle (RPP cycle) or Calvin cycle
33
WHat are the 3 main steps in the Calvin cycle?
1. fixation of atmospheric CO2 2. reduction of CO2 to carbohydrate 3. regeneration of the molecule that accepts CO2
34
What does ribulose 1,5-biphosphate carboxylase oxygenase (rubisco) do?
The first enzyme in the calvin cycle. Takes the CO2 and the 5 carbon sugar ribose and forms 2 3-carbon molecules. (3-phosphoglycerate)
35
Why is rubisco inefficient?
It's slow and poorly sleective. Binds to O2 sometimes instead of CO2 which wastes lots of energy. Rubisco has to be present in very high levels- most abundant protein on the planet.
36
When is rubisco acitve and inactive?
active in the light. inactive in the dark
37
What do plants convert RPP assimilated carbon into?
1. sucrose- in cytosol 2. starch- in chloroplast 3. cellulose- in cell wall
38
In photosynthesis does the lumen or stroma have more H+?
The lumen
39
How many electrons do you need before you have enough oxidizing power to produce oxygen?
4 electrons
40
What does PQ do in photosynthesis?
It is like UQ in respiration. carries the electron from P680 to the plastocyanin attached to the cytochrome bf complex (carries a pair of electrons i think)
41
How many electrons do you need before you have enough oxidising power to produce oxygen?
4 electrons
42
What does PSI do to NADp+?
reduces nadp+ to nadph
43
What does PsII do to water?
oxidizes 2H20 to O2 and 4H+ (on the lumen side of the membrane)
44
Where is plastocyanin?
Attached to cytochrome bf complex in between the photosystems. Transfers electrons over P700
45
In the membrane what are the steps or photosynthesis?
PSII with P680. water gets oxidizes here. the PQ takes over electrons to cutochrome bf complex (plastocyanin attached takes the electrons). then PSI has P700. Ferredoxin is attached and reduces NADP+ to NADPH

Biochemistry (15 decks)

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