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Human Anatomy & Phisiology - Jason > L18 The Nervous System And Its Cells > Flashcards

L18 The Nervous System And Its Cells Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Central Nervous System?

A

Sensory and motor signals are combined and coordinated, consciousness, memory, and emotion manifests.
Includes: brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

What is the Peripheral Nervous System

A
  • All the nervous tissue outside the brain and spinal cord, like sensory receptors and peripheral nerves.
  • Communication between CNS and body
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3
Q

What does the peripheral nervous system divide into?

A

1) Afferent division
2) Efferent division

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4
Q

What is Afferent division?

A
  • Comunicates incoming sensory signals to CNS
  • Composed of sensory neurons
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5
Q

What do sensory neurons monitor?

A

Somatic and visceral stimuli (External and Internal)

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6
Q

What is Efferent Division?

A
  • Communicates outgoing motor signals
  • Composed of motor neurons
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7
Q

What signals do motor neurons send?

A

Send somatic signals and autonomic signals

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8
Q

What does the Autonomic nervous system do?

A

Controls involuntary responses

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9
Q

What does the Somatic nervous system do

A

Controls voluntary movement

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10
Q

Which effectors receive somatic signals?

A

To voluntary effectors (skeletal muscle)

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11
Q

Which effectors receive autonomic signals?

A

Involuntary effectors (smooth, cardiac muscles, and glands)

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12
Q

What are autonomic signals divided into?

A

Signals
1) Sympathetic (fight or flight - mobilises body systems)
2) Parasympathetic (rest and digest - conserves energy)

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13
Q

What are the major functions of the nervous system?

A

1) Monitor internal and external environments
2) Integrate(Combine) sensory information
3) Coordinate responses from all organ systems

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14
Q

What are the major cell types of the nervous system

A

1) Neurons
2) Neuroglial cells

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15
Q

What are neurons responsible for?

A

Neurons are building blocks of the nervous system. They transmit electrical signals (action potentials) to communicate and coordinate body functions.

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16
Q

What are the 3 major cellular structures of the neurons?

A

1) Cell body
2) Dendrites
3) Axon(s)

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17
Q

What does the cell body contain?

A
  • Major organelles
  • Rough ER (Nissl bodies)
  • Grey matter (because of rough ER)
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18
Q

What is the role of dendrites?

A

Monitor external and internal sensory stimuli

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19
Q

What is within the Axons?

A
  • Axon hillock (absence of Nissl bodies)
  • Collaterals (branching)
  • Axon termini (ends of branching and synapse onto other neurons or effectors)
20
Q

What is the direction of the action potential ?

A

1) Dendrites
2) Cell body
3) Axon

21
Q

What happens to the centrioles of neurons?

A

Disappear at around 1 y.o, making cell division impossible afterwards

22
Q

What do we call the axon plasma membrane?

A

Axolemma

23
Q

What do we call the cytoplasm of the axon?

A

Axoplasm (does not apply to dendrites or cell body)

24
Q

What are the 3 shapes of neurons?

A

1) Multipolar
2) Unipolar
3) Bipolar

25
Q

What are multipolar neurons?

A
  • Found in the CNS
  • Multiple projections (dendrites) leave cell body
  • Their Axons leave brain or spinal cord and can connect to other neurons or effectors
26
Q

What are Unipolar neurons?

A
  • Sensory neurons with one projection
  • Dendrites detect stimuli
  • Axon sends signals to CNS
  • Single projection leaves cell body
27
Q

What are Bipolar neurons?

A
  • Rare
  • Eyes, ears, and olfactory bulbs
  • One dendrite and one axon connected to the cell body
28
Q

What is the characteristics of sensory neurons by their function?

A
  • Afferent
  • Collect sensory info & transport them to CNS
  • Unipolar and rarely bipolar
29
Q

What is the classification of motor neurons and there function?

A
  • Efferent
  • Transmit info to PNS from CNS
  • Multipolar
30
Q

What is the characteristics of association or interneurons and there function?

A
  • Connect neurons in CNS
  • Multipolar
31
Q

What are the characteristics of afferent neurons?

A
  • Receive sensory info
  • Receive external and internal environment info
  • Carry signals towards brain or spinal cord to synapse on neurons in CNS
  • Unipolar
  • Cell bodies cluster into ganglia
32
Q

Characterstics of efferent neurons

A
  • Synapse onto effector cells (muscles and glands)
  • Carry info away from brain and spinal cord
  • Multipolar
  • Cell bodies clustered into grey matter of CNS
  • Axons exit into PNS
33
Q

What are the characteristics of interneurons?

A
  • Most abundant neurons
  • Found in CNS only
  • Connect neurons to each other (sensory and motor)
  • Complex stimuli transmited along more interneurons to manifest the brains higher functions
34
Q

What are the different type of neuroglia and which system are they in?

A

CNS
- Astrocytes
- Oligodendrocytes
- Microglia
- Ependymal cells

PNS
- Satellite cells
- Schwan cells

35
Q

What is the organization of cells in the nervous tissue?

A

In Gray matter
- Cell bodies
- Dendrites
- Axons of neurons
In White matter
- Axons of neurons
Neuroglia present in both matter types

36
Q

What are the characteristics of the astrocytes neuroglia? (CNS)

A
  • Largest and most numerous in CNS
  • Create 3D framework in nervous tissue
  • Nervous tissue repair
  • Maintain blood brain barrier (BBB) by wrapping their processes around the capillaries
37
Q

What does BBB do?

A
  • Filters blood to limit what reaches brain and spinal cord
  • Creates unique interstitial fluid in nervous tissue
38
Q

What are the characteristics of the oligodendrocytes neuroglia? (CNS)

A
  • Myelin sheath (wrap their plasma membranes around axons)
  • Each oligodendrocyte wraps around multiple axons, forming myelin for several neurons.
39
Q

What does myelin do?

A
  • Lipid rich
  • Insulates axons to speed up electrical transmission by preventing ion loss
  • Makes up most of white matter
40
Q

What are the characteristics of microglia neuroglia? (CNS)

A
  • Smallest and least common
  • Phagocytic
  • Protect against chemical and infectious agents by englufing wastes, pathogens, and debris
41
Q

Why are microglia important?

A
  • CNS is an immune privileged zone, inflammation not included
  • inflammation in the CNS causes swelling, but the brain and spinal cord are enclosed in bone with no room to expand.
42
Q

What are the characteristics of the ependymal cells? neuroglia CNS

A
  • Line cavities that carry cerebrospinal fluid
    Ex: central canal of the spinal cord and ventricles (chambers of the brain
  • Create, monitor and circulate cerebrospinal fluid via cilia
43
Q

Cancer… What types of tumours can we find in the CNS?

A

1) Primary tumours
2) Secondary CNS tumours

44
Q

What is a primary tumour?

A
  • Tumours originating in CNS
  • In adults: abnormal neuroglial cell division
    Why? because neurons cease cell division at ~1y.o
  • Found typically in young children
45
Q

What is secondary CNS tumours?

A
  • Metastasis of other cancers
  • Cell appear and behave as those of the parent tissue
46
Q

What are the characteristics of Satellite cells neuroglia? (PNS)

A
  • Surround & support cell bodies of unipolar neurons in PNS (found in ganglia)
  • Mirror function of astrocytes
47
Q

What are the characteristics of Schwann cells neuroglia? PNS

A
  • Cover all axons in PNS (mirroring the oligodendrocytes)
  • Surrounds ONLY short stretch of axon
  • Along unmyelinated axons wrap their cell membranes around one or more axons
  • Along myelinated axons myelin sheat occurs in many layers

Human Anatomy & Phisiology - Jason (6 decks)

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