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BMS242 Cell and Molecular > L17 - Genome Evolution > Flashcards

L17 - Genome Evolution Flashcards

1
Q

Within orgaisms most of the genes are ___________ what changes is the __________

A

The same

Expression of the genes

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2
Q

What is phylogeny

A

Systematic classification of the animals into groups based upon their morphology

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3
Q

When genome sequencing was first used what was seen

A

That most of the genes are the same

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4
Q

From a phylogenic tree what needed to be estimated

A

The timing of the branch points

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5
Q

Why do we share manyg many genes with other species

A

Many genes arose at the common single cell stage which were the requirements for life

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6
Q

What is the traditional way of calibrating the clock

A

Using fossil records and carbon dating

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7
Q

What is the change in the nucleotide sequence change between humans and organutans

A

1.5 bases per 100

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8
Q

FOXP2 differs in mouse, chimp and humans at which three positions

A

80, 303, 325

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9
Q

In FOXP2 at position 80 was is the AA in humans and in mice

A

D in humans and chimps

E in mouse

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10
Q

So the common ancestor of human and chimp …

A

Had a D at psotion 80

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11
Q

Parsimony means

A

Assuming the simplest model

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12
Q

How is the parsimony decided

A

Programs related to blast consider all of the possible scenarios to come up with the most likely one

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13
Q

If 80D had arrisen twice by chance - what would this have been an example of

A

Convergent evolution

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14
Q

Molecular phylogeny is compared with ….. to give us a deeper understanding of evolution

A

Morphological phylogeny and fossil records to give us a deeper understanding of evolution

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15
Q

How many vertebrate FGFs are there?

How many clusters?

A

22

4

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16
Q

What is special regarding the composition of FGF in the ciona

What does this suggest

A

It has a single representative of each of the 4 clusters

Suggests common ancestory of Ci and vertebrates had 4 FGFs

17
Q

What are the two ways in which so many FGFs arise

A

Changes in ploidy of the cells and local duplications

18
Q

New copies of genes in the genome are known as …

A

Paralogues

19
Q

What is special about the large strawberry

A

It is octaploid

20
Q

After duplication it is likely that the duplicate genes will first be ….

A

REDUNDANT

21
Q

The extra copy of the gene would the be able to ….

A

Change in the following ways

Change pattern of expression OR change in strucutre of the protein

22
Q

What are thought to be the most common sort of change which drives morphological evolution of animals

A

Changes in expression patterns

23
Q

Does evolution involve the creation of new genes

A

No it is the modifcation of old ones

IT IS GENE EVOLUTION WHICH DRIVES MORPHOLOGICAL EVOLUTION

24
Q

Why are changes in expression patters thought to play a major role in morphological evolution

A

Because enhnacers can change easily

25
Q

Why are enhancers able to change easily

A

Due to the fact that the exact psoiton of an enhancer is unimportant and TF bidning site motifs are simple

26
Q

Why do changes that affect the STRUCTURE of a protein have to be more precise

A

So as not to introduce a stop codon, change the ORF, interfere with folding or disrupt splicing

27
Q

How does chick and mouse show evidence of change of expression playing a major role in evolution

A

Chick has a longer neck - more cervical vertebrae and less thoracic vertebrae

28
Q

What hox gene specifies the cervical vertebrae

A

Hox C5

29
Q

What hox gene specifies the thoracic vertebrae

A

Hox C6

30
Q

What can be said about the expression of HOX C6 in the chick compared to the mouse

A

Expression of C6 (specifies the thoracic vertebrae) starts more posteriorly in the chick

31
Q

Genes that a capable of the formation of organs are known as

A

Master regulatory genes

32
Q

What occurs when a master regulatory gene is ectopically expressed

A

Ectopic limb/organ development

33
Q

Are ectopic organs functional?

What is this an example of?

A

Yes functional

Evolutional robustness

34
Q

Which organism has legs on their abdomens

Crrustaceans or insects?

A

Crustaceans have legs on their abdomens but insects dont

35
Q

What does Dlx specifiy

A

Leg precurrsor cells

36
Q

Describe the expression in fly embryos

A

Ubx expressed in abdomen where it represses Dlx ==> no legs in abdomen

37
Q

What does dlx stand for

A

Distal-less

38
Q

Explain the expression of Ubx in insects - what does this imply about the evolution of Ubx

A

Dlx and ubx BOTH expressed in the abdomen

Crustacaen ubx has an antirepression motif which was lost in insects

BMS242 Cell and Molecular (26 decks)

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