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BIOC 311 > L16 Dietary Lipids > Flashcards

L16 Dietary Lipids Flashcards

1
Q

What are common properties of lipids and examples of lipids?

A

-insoluble in water
-soluble in non-polar substances like ether and chloroform

oils, steroids, waxes, fata

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2
Q

what are 5 functions of lipids

A
  1. energy storage
  2. structural components of biomembranes
  3. thermal insulators for tissues and organs
  4. signaling molecules
  5. hormone precursor
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3
Q

Where are the 5 places you can find lipids in the cell and their role there

A
  1. plasma membrane
    phospholipid remodelling
  2. mitochondrion
    beta-oxidation
  3. endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
    phospholipid and neutral lipid biosynthesis
  4. Lipid storage droplets
    lipolysis
  5. cytosol
    FA biosynthesis (transient)
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4
Q

What is dyslipidemia and what are its consequences

A

metabolic disorder where lipids or lipoproteins are out of balance (abnormally high or low levels)

accumulation of lipid in blood, joints, eyes
heart problems

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5
Q

What is atherosclerosis and some of its consequences

A

Lipid accumulation in a blood vessel e.g. artery causing the narrowing of the vessel

impaired blood flow and oxygen transport to tissues = tissue damage

heart attacks or strokes

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6
Q

What are the properties of neutral lipids

A

no polar head
hydrophobic

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7
Q

Categorize the following as neutral lipids or amphipatic:

glycolipids
cholesterol
triacylglycerol
cholesteryl esters
phospholipids
sphingolipids

A

neutral: triacylglycerol, cholesteryl esters

amphipatic: phospholipids, sphingolipids, glycolipids, cholesterol

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8
Q

describe lipoprotein structure

A

phospholipid and cholesterol monolayer

inside transporting cholesteryl ester and triacylglycerol

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9
Q

describe a dietary lipid’s journey through the body

A

ingested and absorbed in SI mostly

chylomicron (lipoprotein) travels through lymphatic system into blood where it binds to LPL (lipoprotein lipase receptors) of different muscle and adipose tissues to distribute mostly triacylglycerol (TAG)

chylomicron remnants return to liver to make bile salts

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10
Q

What stimulates VLDL (lipoprotein) release by liver

A

reduced insulin action
fasting conditions

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11
Q

describe the 3 steps of dietary lipid absorption at the enterocyte

A
  1. gallbladder releases bile salts to emulsify dietary fat into micelles
  2. pancreas releases pancreatic lipase which breaks down each TAG into one monoglyceride and two free FAs - this aids in absorption by making the lipids more hydrophilic
  3. i-FABP (intestinal fatty acid binding protein) carries FA inside the enterocyte
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12
Q

What are the three kinds of lipids absorbed by the gastric mucosa

A

FA, MA, sterols

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13
Q

where are chylomicrons assembled

A

endoplasmic reticulum ER

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14
Q

Where can you find free FAs in the cell? What is their function there?

A

mitochondrion: beta-oxidation
cytosol: FA biosynthesis

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15
Q

What are the 2 characteristic structures of FAs

A

carboxylic acid COOH
long hydrocarbon (C,H) tail

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16
Q

What happens to the melting point of saturated FAs if the number of carbons go up?

A

the melting point increase

17
Q

What happens to the melting point of unsaturated FAs if the number of carbons go up

A

the melting point decrease

18
Q

TF: The more double bonds a FA has, the low the melting point

A

True

19
Q

What are the two way to name unsaturated FAs? (in terms of numbering the carbons)

A

start counting from the COOH group
start counting from the last (omega) carbon

20
Q

TF: branched FAs are common in humans

A

False

they are present in bacteria and some ruminants

21
Q

What are the two branched FAs that humans possess and what makes them different from normal unbranched FAs?

A

pristanic and phytanic acid

they undergo alpha-oxidation (peroxisome) instead of beta-oxidation (mitochondria)

22
Q

What are isoprenoids

A

molecules similar to FAs that have some branching

23
Q

TF: TAG’s are 100% hydrophobic

A

True

24
Q

What are two ways triglycerides are transported through the body

A

Chylomicrons (exogenous triglycerides from diet)
VLDL (endogenous triglycerides from liver)

25
Q

Where can you find triacylglycerols in the cell? (cellular location)

A

lipid storage droplets (chylomicrons or VLDLs)

26
Q

TF: phospholipids are 100% hydrophobic

A

False,

they have polar heads

27
Q

Where can you find phospholipids in the cell?

A

plasma membrane, endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

28
Q

TF: dietary lipids can be used to generate phsopholipids

A

True

29
Q

Why are cis fats considered healthier than trans fats?

A

Trans fats increase the risk of cardiovascular disease due to their straight structure which increases packing ability

Cis fats are bent so they do not pack as well, decreasing their impact on cardiovascular disease

BIOC 311 (7 decks)

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