L15: Vaccination

Question 1

What is variolation?

Answer 1

term for delivery of initial smallpox vaccine either intranasally or intradermally (scratch on the arm)

Question 2

Define vaccinia.

Answer 2

another name for the virus used to vaccinate against smallpox (vaccinia virus)

Question 3

Define vaccination.

Answer 3

any deliberate immunization that induces immune responses (if successful, protective acquired immune response);

Question 4

Define imunization.

Answer 4

deliberate prevocation of an acquired immune response by introducing antigen into the body

Question 5

Define killed/inactivated vaccines.

Answer 5

any vaccine that employs killed pathogens as the antigen; the pathogens can be killed either by chemical treatment, heat, or irradiation

Question 6

Define attenuated vaccine.

Answer 6

any vaccine protocol that employs “weakened” pathogens as the immunogen; attenuates the pathogen’s ability to cause disease

Question 7

Define subunit vaccine.

Answer 7

vaccines that employ only part of the pathogen as the vaccine immunogen

Question 8

Define toxoid.

Answer 8

an inactivated toxin used as a vaccine immunogen whose toxic activity has been destroyed (usually by chemical treatment)

Question 9

What is the most widely used whole live bacterial vaccine?

Answer 9

BCG vaccine

Question 10

What is the DTP vaccine?

Answer 10

diptheria, tetanus toxoids and bordetella pertussis

Question 11

What are two examples of currently used killed viral vaccines?

Answer 11

influenza and the Salk polio vaccine

Question 12

Can attenuated viruses replicate?

Answer 12

yes. but they do not cause disease

Question 13

What is an adjuvant?

Answer 13

any substance that enhances the immunogenicity of an antigen. They often increase the length of exposure of the immune system to an antigen by releasing the antigen slowly. They often turn a soluble protein antigen into a particulate antigen, which is more readily ingested by APCs. They often cause inflammation and promote uptake by macrophages.

Question 14

What is Freund’s adjuvant?

Answer 14

an adjuvant that causes inflammation and depot formation. It is composed of mineral oil and mycobacterial cell wall components (a source of PAMPs for induction of inflammation)

Question 15

What is a liposome?

Answer 15

type of lipid complex adjuvant. They enable delivery of immunogens into the cytoplasm of host cells. A highly stable closed vesicle formed by a single bilary of phospholipids. Typically used with subunit vaccines and are used to deliver immunogen to the cytoplasm of APCs to promote processing and presentation of the immunogen through the MHC class I pathway

Question 16

What is a major downside of the recombinant DNA method of viral attenuation?

Answer 16

the pathological sequences of the virus must be identified which is difficult

Question 17

How are DNA vaccines usually administered?

Answer 17

intramuscularly or intranasally

Question 18

What are the two efficacious types of recombinant vaccines?

Answer 18

rotovirus vaccines and Rotarix and RotaTeq vaccines (a mixture of Rotarix)

Question 19

How is rotovirus similar to influenza?

Answer 19

segmented genome
Ab responses against surface proteins of the virus are pretective via eutralization
frequent reassortment of genome segments gives rise to distinct viruses.

Question 20

What is the rotarix vaccine?

Answer 20

attenuated human virus with common VP4 and VP7 variants

Question 21

What is the RotaTeq vaccine?

Answer 21

mixture of 5 cattle rotovirus strains that do not cause disease in humans. Each has been engineered to express a different common VD4 and VD7 glycoprotein.

Question 22

Which T helper cells are used in intracellular infections?

Answer 22

TH1

Question 23

Which T helper cells are used in extracellular infection?

Answer 23

TH2

Question 24

What is Leishmania?

Answer 24

an intracellular parasite that has differential outcomes in different strains of inbred mice. Either causes a TH1 or TH2 response. Mice with TH1 response live, mice with TH2 response die.
IL-12 can be given to promote TH1 response and survival