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Semester 2 Pathological Processes > L14: Neoplasia part 1 > Flashcards

L14: Neoplasia part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Define tumour?

A

A swelling

Detectable lumb or swelling

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2
Q

Define neoplasm?

A

New growth

Abnormal growth of cells that persists after the initial stimulus has been removed

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3
Q

Define oncology?

A

The study of tumours and neoplasms

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4
Q

Define hyperplasia?

A

Increase in cell number
Reversible
Stimulus removed goes back to normal

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5
Q

Define regeneration?

A

Increase in cell number back to normal

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6
Q

Define neoplasia?

A

Persistent abnormal growth

Genetic alterations lead to increased cell number

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7
Q

What is a benign neoplasm?

A

Gross and microscopic apperance are considered to be innocent, implying that it will remain localised and will not spread to other sites

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8
Q

What is cancer?

A

A malignant neoplasm

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9
Q

What is a malignant neoplasm?

A

Abnormal growth of cells that persists after the initial stimulus is removed and invaded surrounding tissue with the potential to spread to distant sites

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10
Q

What is a metastasis?

A

Malignant neoplasm that has spread from its original site to a new non-contiguous site

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11
Q

What is dysplasia? What is significant about them?

A

Pre-neoplastic alterations in which the cells show disordered tissue organisation
Reversible–> remove stimulus return to normal
Can exhibit pleomorphism (more than one distinct form of cells) with large hyperchromatic nuclei and high nuclear to cytoplasmic ratios

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12
Q

To summarise, what are the different types of tumours? What are the different subtypes?

A

Non-neoplastic and neoplastic
Neoplastic–> benign and malignant
Malignant–> primary or secondary

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13
Q

What is the difference between primary and secondary malignant neoplasms?

A

Primary–> original location-> biopsy contains cells from the location it was obtained
Secondary–> metastasis –> cells have moved to a different site

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14
Q

What is the difference between benign and malignant?

A

Benign–> remain localised, will not spread to different areas, considered innocent, do not produce metastases
Malignant–> invade and have the potential to metastasise

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15
Q

What is the difference in appearance between benign and malignant tumours?

A

Benign–> grow in a confined local area, pushing outer margin, rarely dangerous
Malignant–> irregular outer margin and shape, ulceration and necrosis and are infiltrative

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16
Q

What is the difference mode of growth between benign and malignant tumours?

A

Benign–> grow in a confined local area, pushing outer margin, rarely dangerous
Malignant–> irregular outer margin and shape, ulceration and necrosis and are infiltrative

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17
Q

Define differentiation?

A

The process of becoming different by growth or development

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18
Q

What is the difference in appearance between benign and malignant tumours?

A

Benign–> Well differentiated, closely resemble parent tissue
Malignant–> well to poorly differentiated, dependent on how closely they resemble the parent tissue

19
Q

What are tissues that have no resemblance to the parent tissue called?

A

Anaplastic

20
Q

What happens to the cells as the tissue become more poorly differentiated?

A

Worsening differentiation the individual cells have:

  • Increasing nuclear size
  • Increasing nuclear to cytoplasmic size
  • Increasing nuclear staining (hyperchromasia)
  • Increasing mitotic figures
  • Abnormal mitotic figures (Mercedes Benz sign)
  • Variation in size and shape of cells and nuclei (pleomorphism)
21
Q

Compare and contrast benign and malignant tumours?

A

SLIDE 16

22
Q

What are the different degrees of differentiation?

A

Different grades indicate the different degrees of differentiation
High grade–> poorly differentiated
Low grade–> well differentiated

23
Q

What is the difference between an carcinoma in situ and a invasive carcinoma?

A

Carcinoma in situ is a irreversible tumour that has not breached the basement membrane and is therefore still localised –> not malignant
Invasive carcinoma has breached the basement membrane –> malignant

24
Q

Why do we get neoplasias?

A

Carcinogenesis
Non-lethal genetic damage
Accumulated mutation in somatic cells

25
Q

Why are the changes that result in neoplasia non lethal?

A

Lethal changes would causes the cell to apoptose and die

Wouldn’t get through the cell cycle or would alert the immune system and get removed

26
Q

What causes mutations to appear in somatic cells?

A

Mutagenic agents –> initiators

  • Chemicals –> smoking, alcohol consumption, diet and obesity
  • Infectious agents–> HPV
  • Radiation
  • Inherited muations (BRAC1, BRAC2 genes)
27
Q

How does a tumour form?

A

Mutations are causes by initiators-> mutagenic agents
Promoters cause cell proliferation
A tumour is formed by clonal expansion of a single precursor cell that has incurred genetic damage

28
Q

What is the difference between germ line mutations and somatic mutations?

A

Germline mutations–> neoplastic cells get a head start, mutations exist within the population of cells

Cell population–> requires an initiator causes mutation, cell divides passing mutation onto daughter cell, requires more steps to get to the same number of mutated cells

29
Q

What does monoclonal mean?

A

Collection of cells that have originated from a single founding cell

30
Q

How do neoplasms arise from monoclonal cells?

A

Process called progression—> accumulation of mutations over cell generations

31
Q

How does progression occur?

A

-Group of monoclonal cells
-Mutation arises—> confers growth advantage—> cells grow faster—> evade all checkpoints
-Bigger pool—> more mutations arise, further increasing growth
Accumulation of mutations allow a neoplasm to form
Unclear how many mutations are required to get a full malignant neoplasm

32
Q

Which genes are normally affected resulting in the formation of neoplasms?

A

Normal regulatory gene

  • Growth promoting proto-oncogenes
  • Growth inhibiting tumour suppressor genes
  • Genes that regulate programmed cell death (apoptosis)
  • Genes involved in DNA repair
33
Q

What are Proto-oncogenes? What happens when mutated?

A

Involved in signalling pathway to drive proliferation
Mutations usually activate them—> excessive increase in one or more normal functions, or can impart a completely new function
‘Gain of function’ mutations

34
Q

What are oncogenes?

A

Created by mutations in proto-oncogenes
Encode oncoproteins—> promote cell growth in absence of normal growth promoting signals
Dominant over their normal counterpart
Transforms cells despite normal copy of same gene

35
Q

Give an example of a oncogene that is present in a lot malignant melanomas? How can this oncogene be inhibited?

A

BRAF mutation (V600E). (—> 60% melanomas, 100% hairy cell leukaemia, colon adenocarcinomas, langerhans cell histiocytosis and papillary thyroid carcinoma)

BRAF inhibitors stop function

36
Q

What are tumour supressor genes?

A

Normal function stop cell proliferation
Mutation—> Loss of function
Both alleles must be damaged for transformation to occur
Mutation—> failure of growth inhibition

37
Q

What are apoptosis regulating genes?

A

Genes that regulate programmed cell death (apoptosis)
Mutation–> less cell death and enhanced survival
‘Dodgy’ cells can survive

38
Q

What are DNA repair genes? What happens when they are mutated?

A

Normally involved in repair of genes
Mutations—> loss of function
Indirectly —> carcinogenesis
Impair—> cell recognition and repair of non-lethal genetic damage in other genes

39
Q

What is the result of the mutations in regulatory genes?

A

Affected cells acquire mutation at accelerated rate

Mutator phenotype—> genomic instability

40
Q

When naming neoplasms what is taken into account?

A

Site of origin
Benign or malignant
Gross morphology

41
Q

What is the general rule when naming neoplasms?

A

Benign tumours–> -oma
Malignant tumours–>
-carcinoma (epithelial)
-sarcoma (stromal- CT of any origin)

42
Q

How are benign epithelial neoplasms named?

A

Stratified squamous—> squamous papilloma (tumour with finger like projections)

Transitional—> transitional cell papilloma

Glandular—> Adenoma

43
Q

How are malignant epithelial neoplasms named?

A

Stratified squamous—> squamous cell carcinoma

Transitional—> transitional cell carcinoma

Glandular—> adenocarcinoma

Other—> basal cell carcinoma (skin)

44
Q

How are the anomalies named? What is different about the germ cell neoplasms?

A

Smooth muscle: leiomyoma (benign), Leiomysarcoma (malignant)
Stratified muscle Rhabdomyoma (benign), Rhabdomyosarcoma (malignant)
Blood cells–> Leukaemia
Lymphoid tissue –> Lymphoma
Plasma cells–> Myeloma

Germ cell
Testis –>
-Malignant teratoma
-Semioma (malignant neoplasm)

Ovary–>
-Benign teratoma–> dermoid cyst

Teratoma in testes always malignant in ovaries always benign

Semester 2 Pathological Processes (16 decks)

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