L14

Question 1

what is the latin name for giant kelp forests

Answer 1

macrocystis

Question 2

what are giant kelp forests

Answer 2

brown macroalgae

Question 3

how do kelp forests obtain nutrients

Answer 3

absorption through their fronds

Question 4

how long can kelp forests grow

Answer 4

Can grow up to half a meter a day primary productivity 500-1500 g C m2 per year

Question 5

Kelp forest

what are the two distinct stages

Answer 5

vegetative asexual growth

spore releasing sexual growth

Question 6

kelp forests

what conditions are needed to ensure growth

Answer 6

30-40 m below sea surface – where clear enough that light can penetrate
Water needs to be cooler than 20 °C with high nutrient concentrations, mid-high latitudes with upwelling

Question 7

what is the main consumer of kelp

Answer 7

sea urchins

Question 8

how is kelp eaten by other consumers

Answer 8

Surprising few animals eat the kelp itself, but it is easily torn apart particularly the ends where new growth occurs. The Kelp releases large amount of detritus this way, which is then modified by decomposers and then consumed by animals.

Question 9

what preys on sea urchins

Answer 9

otters

Question 10

what happens if there are lots of otters

Answer 10

they eat all the urchins so the kelp forests thrive

Question 11

what happens if there is not a lot of otters

Answer 11

there are more urchins and not a lot of kelp

Question 12

kelp forests

what happened in california

Answer 12

California coast was once almost entirely fringed by kelp forests
Human related impacts – hunting of sea otters early 20th C nearly drove them to extinction. There was no population control on sea urchins and kelp forests were largely wiped out on extensive stretches of coast.

Question 13

what are mangrove forests

Answer 13

large woody trees with a dense complex root system

Question 14

mangroves are the dominant plant of ….

Answer 14

tropical and subtropical intertidal areas

Question 15

why are mangroves so important

Answer 15

they support an abundant + diverse fauna

Question 16

what was the marine mamel act of 1970

Answer 16

Marine Mammal Act 1970’s great help for Manatees numbers were reduced due to; pollution and development of habitats; eating metal and plastic wastes; collisions with motor boats in the shallow water, one population in Florida has grown from 60 to 300 individuals since 1975.

Question 17

when was the marine mamel act passed

Answer 17

1970

Question 18

what affects the distribution of mangrove forests

Answer 18

3. Distribution of the trees is largely controlled by air temperature, exposure to wave and current attack, tidal range, substrate type, and seawater chemistry.

Question 19

how is the detritus from the mangrove important

Answer 19

it forms the base of the food chain

Question 20

where do manatee live and how are they at danger

Answer 20

5. Manatees inhabit the tidal creeks of mangrove forests and are in danger from coastal development, pollution, and boat traffic.

Question 21

what are the threats to mangrove forests

Answer 21

hurricanes and deforestation

Question 22

how much of indonesias mangrove forest has lost

Answer 22

40%

Question 23

how much emissions has the loss of mangrove lead to

Answer 23

0.07-0.21 Pg CO

Question 24

how much carbon is reported to have been stored in the indio-pacific region

Answer 24

1023 MgC ha^-1

Question 25

if deforestation of mangrove forrests in india were stopped what would be the total emission reduction in relation to land use sector at present

Answer 25

10-31%

Question 26

which book have all the mangrove indonesia facts come from

Answer 26

Murdivarso et al 2015 Nature Climate Change

Question 27

pendleton 2012

globally what is the estimation of co2 released from ecosystems

Answer 27

150 million to 1.02 billion tons of co2 a year

Question 28

pendleton 2012

the higher estimate is equal to what other countries % of emission s

Answer 28

Japan 53%