L14 Flashcards
what is the latin name for giant kelp forests
macrocystis
what are giant kelp forests
brown macroalgae
how do kelp forests obtain nutrients
absorption through their fronds
how long can kelp forests grow
Can grow up to half a meter a day primary productivity 500-1500 g C m2 per year
Kelp forest
what are the two distinct stages
vegetative asexual growth
spore releasing sexual growth
kelp forests
what conditions are needed to ensure growth
30-40 m below sea surface – where clear enough that light can penetrate
Water needs to be cooler than 20 °C with high nutrient concentrations, mid-high latitudes with upwelling
what is the main consumer of kelp
sea urchins
how is kelp eaten by other consumers
Surprising few animals eat the kelp itself, but it is easily torn apart particularly the ends where new growth occurs. The Kelp releases large amount of detritus this way, which is then modified by decomposers and then consumed by animals.
what preys on sea urchins
otters
what happens if there are lots of otters
they eat all the urchins so the kelp forests thrive
what happens if there is not a lot of otters
there are more urchins and not a lot of kelp
kelp forests
what happened in california
California coast was once almost entirely fringed by kelp forests
Human related impacts – hunting of sea otters early 20th C nearly drove them to extinction. There was no population control on sea urchins and kelp forests were largely wiped out on extensive stretches of coast.
what are mangrove forests
large woody trees with a dense complex root system
mangroves are the dominant plant of ….
tropical and subtropical intertidal areas
why are mangroves so important
they support an abundant + diverse fauna
what was the marine mamel act of 1970
Marine Mammal Act 1970’s great help for Manatees numbers were reduced due to; pollution and development of habitats; eating metal and plastic wastes; collisions with motor boats in the shallow water, one population in Florida has grown from 60 to 300 individuals since 1975.
when was the marine mamel act passed
1970
what affects the distribution of mangrove forests
- Distribution of the trees is largely controlled by air temperature, exposure to wave and current attack, tidal range, substrate type, and seawater chemistry.
how is the detritus from the mangrove important
it forms the base of the food chain
where do manatee live and how are they at danger
- Manatees inhabit the tidal creeks of mangrove forests and are in danger from coastal development, pollution, and boat traffic.
what are the threats to mangrove forests
hurricanes and deforestation
how much of indonesias mangrove forest has lost
40%
how much emissions has the loss of mangrove lead to
0.07-0.21 Pg CO
how much carbon is reported to have been stored in the indio-pacific region
1023 MgC ha^-1
if deforestation of mangrove forrests in india were stopped what would be the total emission reduction in relation to land use sector at present
10-31%
which book have all the mangrove indonesia facts come from
Murdivarso et al 2015 Nature Climate Change
pendleton 2012
globally what is the estimation of co2 released from ecosystems
150 million to 1.02 billion tons of co2 a year
pendleton 2012
the higher estimate is equal to what other countries % of emission s
Japan 53%
