L13 - Learning Flashcards
What are developmental changes?
Not learning
Developmental changes - Crickets example?
Male crickets sing to attract a female. Even when reared in isolation experimental males will still produce the same song when matured to an adult. This shows it is innate, developmental change
What is an innate behaviour?
Genetic component, hardwired. All individuals can perform the behaviour successfully in the same way.
What is an example of innate behaviour?
On hatching, goslings follow the first large moving object they see (especially if it makes a noise). This is usually their mother. Sexual imprinting, prefer mates with appearance of female bird that rears them.
What is single stimulus - non associative?
Nonassociative - no paired stimuli
Habituation - prod the eyestalk in a snail, eventually results in no withdrawal reflex.
Sensitisation - shock the eyestalk of a snail, more likely to withdraw its eyestalk.
Impacts of relationship between primates and people?
Distorts public understandings of primates. Images of people very close with primates may be subject to different interpretations across cultures. Images of messengers with primates may make the public want to obtain their own images very close to primates.
What is stimulus-stimulus - associative?
Stimulus-stimulus. One stimulus results in a specific outcome. ‘Pavlovian conditioning’, ‘classical conditioning’. E.g. food, danger
What happened in Pavlovs dog exp?
Food (US) -> salivation (UR)
Bell + Food -> salivation (CR)
Bell (CS) -> Salivation (CR)
stimulus - stimulus - associative, what is appetitive stimulus?
Positive, pleasant, rewarding e.g. mate, food, shelter
stimulus - stimulus - associative, what is aversive stimulus?
Negative, unpleasant consequence, punishment. e.g noxious odor, shock
stimulus - stimulus - associative, what did pavlovs exp show?
How animals can be trained or conditioned to expect a particular consequence based on previous experience or signal.
stimulus - stimulus - associative, what is contiguity?
Contiguity is essential: the two stimuli must be close together, associative learning allows animals to be sensitive to environmental signals that are important in their lives
What is response-reinforce - associative?
This is ‘instrumental’ learning/operant learning - the animal must first undertake a behaviour. E.g. training a dog, cat jumping on a bird, primate using a tool, human turning on kettel. Response is reinforced by reward or punishment.
What is response-reinforce - associative T-maze?
T-maze, 3 arms have removable panel insert with a smaller round entrance that prevented fish from seeing the contents of the end chambers without entering, as well as providing a clear way to identify fish’s choices, ‘a’ start box, ‘b’ a bloodworm reward, ‘c’ the maze has 50mm wide arms with each box being 25mm across the short side.
What is response-reinforce - associative, response to consequence?
Animals learn to increase the behaviour for appetitive rewards, reduce behaviour for aversive responses. Animal must engage first, and require continuity
What is response-reinforce - associative, experiment done on insects?
String pulling in an insect
What is social facilitation?
Presence or activity of another animal serves to increase motivation or activity level. Stimulus-stimulus a warning or cue before the behaviour
What is local enhancement?
Attention is directed towards a place/object that another animal is interacting with. Stimulus-stimulus a warning or cue before the behaviour.
What is response facilitation?
Reaction to evolved signal. honeybee waggle dance, or ant pheromone trail increase foraging success. Alarm call signalling specific danger (meerkats). Response reinforce a reward or punishment after an action
What is imitation?
Copying a novel behaviour. Naive bees learnt the task by observing a trained demonstrator from a distance. The skill spread rapidly from a single knowledgeable individual to the majority of a colony’s foragers.
What is teaching?
Demonstrating a novel behaviour, In response to changing pup begging calls, helpers alter their prey-provisioning methods as pups grow older, thus accelerating learning without the use of complex cognition (meerkats)
