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Z: Cloud Computing > L13 - IoT > Flashcards

L13 - IoT Flashcards

1
Q

IoT definition

A

system of interrelated computing devices, mechanical and digital machines, objects, animals or people that are provided with unique identifiers (UIDs) and the ability to transfer data over a network without requiring human-to-human or human-to-computer interaction.

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2
Q

starting point of IoT

A

when the number of devices connected to the internet exceeded the number of people on earth. (~2008)

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3
Q

actuator

A

An actuator is a device that produces a motion by converting energy and signals going into the system.

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4
Q

3 IoT Architectures

A
  • IoT Cloud Architecture
  • IoT Edge Architecture
  • IoT Fog Architecture
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5
Q

IoT Cloud Architecture

A

IoT devices (microcontrollers that can communicate to an actuator) are connected via a gateway to the Wide Area Network (WAN) that connects to the cloud.

  • connection to gateway can be wired or wireless
  • ## sensor data is forwarded to the IoT platform in the cloud
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6
Q

WAN

A

A wide area network (WAN) is a telecommunications network that extends over a large geographic area.

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7
Q

Which data storage is used in the IoT Cloud Architecture?

A

NoSQL data storage with eventual consistency.

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8
Q

Iot Edge Architecture

A
  • you have an edge computer connected to the gateway
  • less latency compared to IoT Cloud Architecture
  • bandwidth requirements are reduced because the edge computer which is near to the IoT device can already pre-process the data and only forwards important data (not all of it)
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9
Q

How are edge computers cooled?

A

Without a fan. Passively cooled.

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10
Q

3 characteristics of edge computing

A
  • computation and data shifted to computers at the edge of the network
  • extends the centralized cloud model into a distributed model
  • intention to bring computation and storage closer to the location where it is needed, improve response time and save bandwidth
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11
Q

IoT Fog Architecture

A
  • extension of the edge –> set of coupled edge systems for adaptivity (more compute power in a distributed fashion )
  • replacement of cloud with edge: distributed location-aware shared infrastructure
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12
Q

Fog Computing definition -> do not really have to know

A

Fog computing is a layered model for enabling ubiquitous access to a shared continuum of scalable computing resources. Fog nodes can be physical or virtual. Fog nodes operate in a centralized or decentralized manner and can be federated to form clusters that provide horizontal scalability over disperse geolocations.

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13
Q

6 essential characteristics of fog computing

A
  • contextual location awareness and low latency
  • geographical distribution
  • heterogeneity
  • interoperability and federation
  • real-time interaction
  • scalability and agility of federated, fog node clusters
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14
Q

contextual location awareness and low latency of fog computing

A
  • fog nodes are aware of their location in the context of the entire system
  • they are also aware of latency costs
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15
Q

Heterogeneity of fog computing

A
  • supports collection and processing of data of different form factors
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16
Q

Interoperability and federation in fog computing

A
  • services like real-time streaming require the cooperation of different providers
  • hence, fog computing components must be able to interoperate to enable federated services across domains.
17
Q

real-time interaction in fog computing

A
  • fog computing has support for real-time interactions instead of batch processing
18
Q

Scalability and agility of federated, fog node clusters in fog computing

A
  • fog computing is adaptive in nature
  • support for elastic compute and resource pooling
  • adaptation to data-load changes and network condition variations
19
Q

What are possible Fog Computing Service Models?

A
  • Software as a Service (fog provider’s applications run)
  • Platform as a Service (provider provides a platform for the customer’s applications)
  • Infrastructure as a Service (provision of fundamental compute resources to the customer)
20
Q

What is the most used fog node deployment model?

A

private fog node

21
Q

What are the 4 fog node deployment models?

A

Private (provisioned for exclusive use by a single organization), community , public (open use), hybrid (composition of two or more distinct (private, community, or public) fog nodes

22
Q

When would you use the cloud architecture?

A
  • ## power hungry ecosystem but have to run from battery power –> edge computers use too much energy
23
Q

IoT Network

A
  • wireless network
  • connecting sensors and actuators to a gateway
  • gateway forwards data to the internet/ Cloud
24
Q

Sensor Network

A
  • when not all the sensors have a direct connection to the gateway (e.g. in rural areas)
  • sensors communicate with each other so that one of them can connect to the gateway
25
Q

3 categories of IoT Networks

A

10-100m: Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN) (e.g., Bluetooth)
100m-1km: Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN)
to 30km: Wireless Wide Area Network (WWAN) (e.g., LTE)

26
Q

Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWAN)

A
  • connect sensors over long distances
  • enables a long lifetime of battery-powered sensor devices
  • low bandwidth
27
Q

Long Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN)

A

I think this is one example of LPWAN
- low-power wireless communication technique for long distances > 10 km in rural areas; excellent connection in buildings
–> trading communication bandwidth for low power and long-range (suitable for transferring of message of a few bytes, but not for streaming videos etc.)

28
Q

Is LoRa a physical layer?

A

Yes. The physical layer is the LoRa Modulation with the regional ISM band (radio frequency).

29
Q

What are the 3 classes of device types in LoRa?

A

The device types depend on the bi-directional communication support.
Class A: Transfer to gateway followed by two receive windows –> best power efficiency
Class B: Download window at a predetermined point in time
Class C: Permanent receive state

30
Q

What does the spreading factor determine?

A

Determines the #bits and time per symbol.
–> Higher –> more reliable transmission.

31
Q

LoRaWAN secure?

A

Yes messages are encrypted on two levels
- payload is encrypted by application session key
- additionally the entire packet is encrypted by network session key

32
Q

Infrastructure of LoRaWAN

A

The Things Network
- about enabling low power devices to use long range gateways and connect to an open-source decentralized network to exchange data with applications
- intermediate between low power devices and (IoT infrastructure, mobile applications)
- takes care of receiving messages from the device, ensuring integrity and security, and forwarding the payload

33
Q

The Things Network Architecture

A

Gateway send messages to router –> broker > handler (knows where to deliver message to, which application) –> application

  • discovery service (so that router, broker, and handler can find each other)
  • network server (keeps track of information of keys and the devices that are connected via the gateway to the infrastructure)
34
Q

Data Flow in TTN

A

G (receives LoRa message)-> R -> B (de-duplication so that the same message is not sent multiple times)|NS –> H (decryption) –> A (application) –> then the whole process the other way around back to the gateway.

35
Q

5 functions of an IoT platform

A
  • device management
  • data collection
  • data analysis
  • device control
  • user management
36
Q

What is AWS Greengrass

A
  • extension of AWS IoT to the edge
  • local preprocessing of data with ML
  • can work without connection to the cloud
  • integration with AWS security functions
  • software running on own hardware
  • Cloud level programming model FAAS (install functions on the edge device that are triggered when necessary)
37
Q

AWS IoT Greengrass Core

A

Provides local services and communicates locally with devices that run the AWS IoT Device

38
Q

AWS IoT Device SDK

A

Allows devices to interact locally with AWS IoT Greengrass Cores

39
Q

AWS IoT Greengrass SDK

A

Allows Lambda functions to interact with local services inside an AWS IoT Greengrass Core

Z: Cloud Computing (26 decks)

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