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Physiology II Exam 2 (Lauren) > L13 Intro to Endocrine > Flashcards

L13 Intro to Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main function of the endocrine system?

A

Maintain the internal environment of the organism

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2
Q

When an endocrine gland releases a hormone, where does it release it to?

A

Directly into the bloodstream

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3
Q

What does it mean if a hormone has a “trophic” effect?

A

It regulates hormone secretion by another gland

Or it regulates the growth and integrity of the endocrine gland

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4
Q

What does it mean if a hormone is “pleiotropic?”

A

It means it has more than one effect once it binds to its target cell

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5
Q

What does it mean if a hormone has a “paracrine” effect?

A

It means that it targets cells right next to it

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6
Q

What does it mean if a hormone has an “autocrine” effect

A

It gets released and then acts back on the same cell that released it

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7
Q

What is an “intracrine” hormone?

A

One that regulates processes inside the cell that made it without ever being secreted

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8
Q

What is a neurocrine hormone?

A

Hormone that is released from a neuron

Can end up in synaptic cleft or in the bloodstream

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9
Q

What are the examples of “novel” endocrine glands he talked about?

A

Heart (epicardial fat)

Adipose tissue

Skeleetal muscle

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10
Q

What are the 3 classification systems of hormones?

A

Chemical structure

Signal transduction pathways

Solubility in plasma

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11
Q

What are the 3 classifications of chemical structure for hormone?

A

Peptide hormones

Amine hormones

Steroid hormones

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12
Q

How are peptide hormones produced?

A

Produced from a gene that is transcribed into mRNA

Normal way of making proteins duh

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13
Q

What are amine hormones derived from?

A

Tyrosine

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14
Q

What are steroid hormones derived from?

A

Cholesterol

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15
Q

The majority of hormones are (steroid/peptide/amine) hormones

A

Peptide

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16
Q

Thyroid hormones are (steroid/amine/peptide) hormones

A

Amine

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17
Q

Catecholamines are (steroid/peptide/amine) hormones

A

Amine

CatecholAMINE

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18
Q

Glycoproteins are a subsection of (peptide/steroid/amine) hormones

A

Peptide

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19
Q

What makes glycoproteins different from the rest of the peptide hormones?

A

They have a carbohydrate moiety

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20
Q

Peptide hormones and catecholamines are (hydrophilic/hydrophobic)

A

Hydrophilic

Travel easily- dissolved in the blood stream

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21
Q

Thyroid hormones and steroid hormones are (hydrophobic/hydrophilic)

A

Hydrophobic

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22
Q

How are hydrophobic hormones transported?

A

Bound to binding proteins

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23
Q

99% of a hydrophobic hormone is (free/bound to proteins) when it travels through the bloodstream

A

Bound to proteins

Less than 1% is free

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24
Q

Are protein-bound hormones active?

A

No

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25
How do binding proteins affect the half-life of hormones?
Increases
26
What are the 4 benefits of hormone binding proteins?
1. Provides a reserve that can replenish the free pool 2. Keeps the hormone in an inactive state 3. Increases hormone half-life 4. Involved in hormone turnover
27
What is hormone turnover?
How much hormone is entering and leaving the bloodstream
28
How do the liver and kidney affect hormone turnover?
They degrade the hormone into a product that is water soluble and is easily excreted (Done via glucuronidation and sulfate conjugation)
29
What regulates the secretion of a hormone
Rate of production Feedback mechanisms
30
What regulates the delivery of a hormone to its target tissues?
Blood flow
31
Where are steroid hormones synthesized in the cell?
Cytosine ER Mitochondria
32
Are steroid hormones stored inside the cell once they are synthesized?
No, they are released as soon as they’re made
33
Where are amines synthesized?
Catecholamines- made enzymatically in the cytosol T3 and T4- made in the follicular cell AND the colloid of the thyroid (intra and extracellular)
34
Are amine hormones stored once they are made?
Yes T3 and T4: inside follicular cells Catecholamines: in granules
35
Where are peptide hormones made inside the cell?
Ribosomes ER Golgi
36
Are peptide hormones stored once they are made?
Yes. In granules
37
What is the step by step process of the synthesis of peptide hormones?
1. Gene is transcribed into mRNA 2. mRNA in the ER binds amino acids into a peptide chain called a preprohormone (ex: preproinsulin) 3. In the ER, the preprohormone is cleaved to a prohormone 4. In the Golgi, the prohormone is cleaved to a hormone 5. Hormone (and some “pro” fragments) are stored in secretory vesicles 6. Hormone is secreted
38
What is meant by peripheral conversion?
Steroid and amine hormones are converted in the tissues to their much more active form
39
What is a prohormone with regard to steroid and amine hormones? I thought that was just peptide hormones!
It is the original hormone that gets released and then peripherally converted into an active form Ex: Thyroxine (T4) gets converted into Triiodothyronine (T3) to become active. T4 is the prohormone
40
Vitamin D3 is released from the skin and converted by ________ into ______________
Converted by liver and kidney 1,25- dihydroxyvitamin D3 (active vitamin D)
41
Why is testosterone considered a prohormone?
Because it gets converted into more active forms: dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and Estradiol (E2)
42
Where is T4 converted into T3?
Most tissues
43
What is humoral regulation of hormone secretion?
Secretion of the hormone is based on the level of a substrate in the blood (aka “humor”) Ex: calcium levels are low= PTH is released to raise calcium
44
What is neural regulation of hormone secretion?
The CNS tells the endocrine gland to secrete the hormone | Ex: Fight/flight response causes release of epinephrine
45
What is hormonal regulation of hormone secretion?
Hormones regulate the secretion of hormones Ex: hypothalamic TRH stimulates pituitary to release TSH which stimulates the thyroid to secrete thyroid hormone (T4/T3)
46
Which is more common in hormone regulation: negative feedback or positive feedback?
Negative feedback | Hormone action inhibits further secretion of the hormone
47
What are the only 2 examples of positive feedback regulation?
Estrogen Oxytocin
48
How do peptides and catecholamines (hydrophilic) act on their target cells?
They bind to a receptor on the cell surface
49
How do steroid and thyroid hormones act on their target cell?
They diffuse right through the lipid bilateral and bind to a nuclear receptor
50
What is the “threshold”
The hormone concentration required to achieve a response from a target cell
51
What is a “sensitivity”
The hormone concentration required to produce 50% of the maximum response from the target cell
52
What is a “maximal response”
The response from the target cell when it is saturated in the hormone
53
A decrease in maximal response is caused by? | Aka increasing the amount of hormone does not increase the max response
Decrease in target cells Decreased signal transduction mechanisms and enzyme activity inside the cell
54
What is meant by a decrease in sensitivity?
More hormone is required to produce 50% of the max response
55
Which direction does the curve shift when sensitivity decreases?
Right —->
56
What causes a decrease in sensitivity?
Decrease in receptor number Decreased affinity for the hormone
57
What causes a hormone to have a decreased maximal response and a decreased sensitivity?
Hormone levels are too high and the body is trying to reduce the physiologic response to the hormone (Ex: type II diabetes)
58
What is synergism?
Hormones have low effect alone, but when combined, the overall effect is greater than the sum of their separate effects Ex: growth spurts in teens
59
What is permissiveness?
A hormone cannot exert its full effect without another hormone being present. Hormone X must be present to exert the full effect of hormone Y Ex: cortisol must be present for catecholamines to affect blood pressure
60
What is antagonism?
One hormone has the opposite effect of another hormone
61
What is autologous up or downregulation?
A hormone regulates the number/affinity of its own receptor
62
What is heterologous up or down regulation?
A hormone regulates the number/affinity of ANOTHER hormone’s receptor

Physiology II Exam 2 (Lauren) (4 decks)

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