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Physiology II Exam 2 (Lauren) > L13 Intro to Endocrine > Flashcards

L13 Intro to Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main function of the endocrine system?

A

Maintain the internal environment of the organism

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2
Q

When an endocrine gland releases a hormone, where does it release it to?

A

Directly into the bloodstream

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3
Q

What does it mean if a hormone has a “trophic” effect?

A

It regulates hormone secretion by another gland

Or it regulates the growth and integrity of the endocrine gland

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4
Q

What does it mean if a hormone is “pleiotropic?”

A

It means it has more than one effect once it binds to its target cell

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5
Q

What does it mean if a hormone has a “paracrine” effect?

A

It means that it targets cells right next to it

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6
Q

What does it mean if a hormone has an “autocrine” effect

A

It gets released and then acts back on the same cell that released it

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7
Q

What is an “intracrine” hormone?

A

One that regulates processes inside the cell that made it without ever being secreted

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8
Q

What is a neurocrine hormone?

A

Hormone that is released from a neuron

Can end up in synaptic cleft or in the bloodstream

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9
Q

What are the examples of “novel” endocrine glands he talked about?

A

Heart (epicardial fat)

Adipose tissue

Skeleetal muscle

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10
Q

What are the 3 classification systems of hormones?

A

Chemical structure

Signal transduction pathways

Solubility in plasma

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11
Q

What are the 3 classifications of chemical structure for hormone?

A

Peptide hormones

Amine hormones

Steroid hormones

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12
Q

How are peptide hormones produced?

A

Produced from a gene that is transcribed into mRNA

Normal way of making proteins duh

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13
Q

What are amine hormones derived from?

A

Tyrosine

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14
Q

What are steroid hormones derived from?

A

Cholesterol

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15
Q

The majority of hormones are (steroid/peptide/amine) hormones

A

Peptide

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16
Q

Thyroid hormones are (steroid/amine/peptide) hormones

A

Amine

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17
Q

Catecholamines are (steroid/peptide/amine) hormones

A

Amine

CatecholAMINE

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18
Q

Glycoproteins are a subsection of (peptide/steroid/amine) hormones

A

Peptide

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19
Q

What makes glycoproteins different from the rest of the peptide hormones?

A

They have a carbohydrate moiety

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20
Q

Peptide hormones and catecholamines are (hydrophilic/hydrophobic)

A

Hydrophilic

Travel easily- dissolved in the blood stream

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21
Q

Thyroid hormones and steroid hormones are (hydrophobic/hydrophilic)

A

Hydrophobic

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22
Q

How are hydrophobic hormones transported?

A

Bound to binding proteins

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23
Q

99% of a hydrophobic hormone is (free/bound to proteins) when it travels through the bloodstream

A

Bound to proteins

Less than 1% is free

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24
Q

Are protein-bound hormones active?

A

No

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25
Q

How do binding proteins affect the half-life of hormones?

A

Increases

26
Q

What are the 4 benefits of hormone binding proteins?

A
  1. Provides a reserve that can replenish the free pool
  2. Keeps the hormone in an inactive state
  3. Increases hormone half-life
  4. Involved in hormone turnover
27
Q

What is hormone turnover?

A

How much hormone is entering and leaving the bloodstream

28
Q

How do the liver and kidney affect hormone turnover?

A

They degrade the hormone into a product that is water soluble and is easily excreted

(Done via glucuronidation and sulfate conjugation)

29
Q

What regulates the secretion of a hormone

A

Rate of production

Feedback mechanisms

30
Q

What regulates the delivery of a hormone to its target tissues?

A

Blood flow

31
Q

Where are steroid hormones synthesized in the cell?

A

Cytosine

ER

Mitochondria

32
Q

Are steroid hormones stored inside the cell once they are synthesized?

A

No, they are released as soon as they’re made

33
Q

Where are amines synthesized?

A

Catecholamines- made enzymatically in the cytosol

T3 and T4- made in the follicular cell AND the colloid of the thyroid (intra and extracellular)

34
Q

Are amine hormones stored once they are made?

A

Yes

T3 and T4: inside follicular cells

Catecholamines: in granules

35
Q

Where are peptide hormones made inside the cell?

A

Ribosomes

ER

Golgi

36
Q

Are peptide hormones stored once they are made?

A

Yes. In granules

37
Q

What is the step by step process of the synthesis of peptide hormones?

A
  1. Gene is transcribed into mRNA
  2. mRNA in the ER binds amino acids into a peptide chain called a preprohormone (ex: preproinsulin)
  3. In the ER, the preprohormone is cleaved to a prohormone
  4. In the Golgi, the prohormone is cleaved to a hormone
  5. Hormone (and some “pro” fragments) are stored in secretory vesicles
  6. Hormone is secreted
38
Q

What is meant by peripheral conversion?

A

Steroid and amine hormones are converted in the tissues to their much more active form

39
Q

What is a prohormone with regard to steroid and amine hormones?

I thought that was just peptide hormones!

A

It is the original hormone that gets released and then peripherally converted into an active form

Ex: Thyroxine (T4) gets converted into Triiodothyronine (T3) to become active.

T4 is the prohormone

40
Q

Vitamin D3 is released from the skin and converted by ________ into ______________

A

Converted by liver and kidney

1,25- dihydroxyvitamin D3 (active vitamin D)

41
Q

Why is testosterone considered a prohormone?

A

Because it gets converted into more active forms: dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and Estradiol (E2)

42
Q

Where is T4 converted into T3?

A

Most tissues

43
Q

What is humoral regulation of hormone secretion?

A

Secretion of the hormone is based on the level of a substrate in the blood (aka “humor”)

Ex: calcium levels are low= PTH is released to raise calcium

44
Q

What is neural regulation of hormone secretion?

A

The CNS tells the endocrine gland to secrete the hormone

Ex: Fight/flight response causes release of epinephrine

45
Q

What is hormonal regulation of hormone secretion?

A

Hormones regulate the secretion of hormones

Ex: hypothalamic TRH stimulates pituitary to release TSH which stimulates the thyroid to secrete thyroid hormone (T4/T3)

46
Q

Which is more common in hormone regulation: negative feedback or positive feedback?

A

Negative feedback

Hormone action inhibits further secretion of the hormone

47
Q

What are the only 2 examples of positive feedback regulation?

A

Estrogen

Oxytocin

48
Q

How do peptides and catecholamines (hydrophilic) act on their target cells?

A

They bind to a receptor on the cell surface

49
Q

How do steroid and thyroid hormones act on their target cell?

A

They diffuse right through the lipid bilateral and bind to a nuclear receptor

50
Q

What is the “threshold”

A

The hormone concentration required to achieve a response from a target cell

51
Q

What is a “sensitivity”

A

The hormone concentration required to produce 50% of the maximum response from the target cell

52
Q

What is a “maximal response”

A

The response from the target cell when it is saturated in the hormone

53
Q

A decrease in maximal response is caused by?

Aka increasing the amount of hormone does not increase the max response

A

Decrease in target cells

Decreased signal transduction mechanisms and enzyme activity inside the cell

54
Q

What is meant by a decrease in sensitivity?

A

More hormone is required to produce 50% of the max response

55
Q

Which direction does the curve shift when sensitivity decreases?

A

Right —->

56
Q

What causes a decrease in sensitivity?

A

Decrease in receptor number

Decreased affinity for the hormone

57
Q

What causes a hormone to have a decreased maximal response and a decreased sensitivity?

A

Hormone levels are too high and the body is trying to reduce the physiologic response to the hormone

(Ex: type II diabetes)

58
Q

What is synergism?

A

Hormones have low effect alone, but when combined, the overall effect is greater than the sum of their separate effects

Ex: growth spurts in teens

59
Q

What is permissiveness?

A

A hormone cannot exert its full effect without another hormone being present.

Hormone X must be present to exert the full effect of hormone Y

Ex: cortisol must be present for catecholamines to affect blood pressure

60
Q

What is antagonism?

A

One hormone has the opposite effect of another hormone

61
Q

What is autologous up or downregulation?

A

A hormone regulates the number/affinity of its own receptor

62
Q

What is heterologous up or down regulation?

A

A hormone regulates the number/affinity of ANOTHER hormone’s receptor

Physiology II Exam 2 (Lauren) (4 decks)

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