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Biochemistry Exam 2 > L13- Carbohydrate Conjugation > Flashcards

L13- Carbohydrate Conjugation Flashcards

1
Q

Which carbon of monosaccharides is chemically reactive?

A

The anomeric carbon.

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2
Q

What is a glycoside?

A

The product of the condensation of a sugar with a hydroxyl-containing molecule.

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3
Q

What is the difference between a glucoside and a galactoside?

A

Glucosides are glycosides that have a glucose, whereas galactosides have a galactose.

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4
Q

What is a glycosidic bond?

A

A covalent bond that joins a sugar to the hydroxyl group of another molecule.

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5
Q

Maltose is composed of which sugars bound in what linkage?

A

Two molecules of glucose in an alpha(1->4)-linkage.

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6
Q

Lactose is composed of which sugars bound in what linkage?

A

Galactose and glucose in a beta(1->4)-linkage.

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7
Q

Sucrose is composed of which sugars bound in what linkage?

A

Glucose and fructose in an alpha(1->2)-linkage.

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8
Q

What is the composition and structure of amylose?

A

Amylose is a starch composed of glucose molecules in alpha(1->4)-linkages. Its structure is that of an unbranched polymer that typically forms a helical coil within cells.

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9
Q

What is the composition and structure of amylopectin?

A

Amylopectin is a starch composed of glucose polymers arranged in alpha(1->4)-linkages. It has branches in alpha(1->6)-linkages every 10-12 residues.

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10
Q

What is the composition and structure of glycogen?

A

Glycogen is a carbohydrate composed of glucose polymers arranged in alpha(1->4)-linkages. It has branches in alpha(1->6)-linkages every 8-10 residues and it exists as spherical particles in cells.

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11
Q

What is the composition and structure of cellulose?

A

Cellulose is composed of glucose polymers arranged in beta(1->4)-linkages. It is typically unbranched.

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12
Q

What is the composition and structure of dextrans?

A

Dextrans are composed of glucose polymers arranged in alpha(1->6)-linkages. They have some branches in alpha(1->3)-linkages.

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13
Q

What are glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)?

A

They are long unbranched polysaccharides of repeating anionic disaccharides. They may be sulfated and are an important component of connective tissues.

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14
Q

What is a proteoglycan?

A

Glycosaminoglycans that are covalently linked to a protein.

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15
Q

Which glycosaminoglycan (GAG) is not linked to a core protein?

A

Hyaluronic acid.

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16
Q

Alpha(1->4)- vs. beta(1->4)-linkages. Which can we NOT digest?

A

Beta(1->4)-linkages.

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17
Q

What is the composition and location of hyaluronic acid?

A

Hyaluronic acid is composed of repeating disaccharides of D-glucuronic acid and N-acetylglucosamine. It is typically found in connective tissue like synovial fluid in joint spaces and in the vitreous fluid of the eye.

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18
Q

Which chemical reaction involves the formation of a Schiff base between the aldehyde of a sugar and the amino group of a protein to generate a ketoamine?

A

Glycation.

19
Q

True or False. Glycation is a form of tissue damage.

A

True.

20
Q

What is the clinical significance of hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c)?

A

HbA1c provides a 3-month ‘history’ of blood glucose levels.

21
Q

What is aggrecan?

A

It is a proteoglycan (composed of chondrotoin sulfate attached to collagen type II) that acts as a shock absorber by cycling water in and out of cartilage.

22
Q

Which nucleotide is NOT involved in the activation of sugars?

A

Adenine.

23
Q

Which amino acids are involved in N-linked glycosylation?

A

Asparagine (almost always).

24
Q

Which amino acids are involved in O-linked glycosylation?

A

Serine and threonine.

25
Q

What is glycosylation?

A

An enzymatic reaction for secreted or extracellular protein (including proteins that are meant to be stored in the ER lumen).

26
Q

Which glycoprotein is typically NOT secreted from cells?

A

O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNac).

27
Q

In which cellular compartment are O-linked glycoproteins usually glycosylated?

A

The Golgi apparatus.

28
Q

Which class of enzymes adds sugars to a growing O-linked glycoprotein?

A

Glycosyltransferases.

29
Q

True or False. O-links of glycoproteins have carbohydrate molecules first added as a pre-assembled 14 sugar block.

A

False. The statement is true for N-linked glycoproteins.

30
Q

What lipid carrier molecule is used for the synthesis of the branched oligosaccharide of N-linked glycoproteins?

A

Dolichol phosphate.

31
Q

Which sugars are used for the synthesis of the initial branched chain oligosaccharide of N-linked glycoproteins?

A

N-acetylglucosamine, mannose and glucose.

32
Q

Where in the cell are sugars added to proteins to form N-linked glycoproteins?

A

The ER membrane.

33
Q

Which antibiotic inhibits the addition of N-acetylglucosamine-phosphate to dolichol phosphate?

A

Tunicamycin.

34
Q

What class of enzymes is responsible for degradation of glycoproteins?

A

Glycosidases.

35
Q

Deficiency of acid glucosidase results in what storage disease?

A

Pompe’s syndrome.

36
Q

What is the enzymatic defect in Hunter syndrome?

A

Iduronate sulfatase.

37
Q

What are proteoglycans?

A

Macromolecules consisting of polysaccharide glycosaminoglycan chains that are attached to core proteins.

38
Q

What is the most abundant glycosaminoglycan in the human body?

A

Condrotoin sulfate.

39
Q

Where is keratan sulfate type I typically found in the human body?

A

The cornea.

40
Q

Where is keratan sulfate type II typically found in the human body?

A

Cartilage.

41
Q

Which class of proteins bind carbohydrates?

A

Lectins.

42
Q

What is the difference between the terminal sites of Type A, B and O blood groups?

A

Type A blood has UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine as a terminal residue, Type B has UDP-galactose and Type O has neither.

43
Q

H-pylori preferentially binds to gastric epithelial cells of individuals with which blood type?

A

O-type.

Biochemistry Exam 2 (12 decks)

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