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PSYC 100 Final > L12.1 - Disorders > Flashcards

L12.1 - Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Normal vs Abnormal

A
  • Hard to define abnormality
  • Psychologists and psychiastrists use specific system to classify abnormality
  • Topic of controversy
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2
Q

Definition of Disorder

A
  1. Deviance
  • Behaviours, thoughts, an feeling that are not in line with the normal or usually accepted standards
  1. Distress
  • Behaviours, thoughts and feelings that are upsetting and cause pain suffering and sorrow
  1. Dysfunction
  • Thoughts, behviours & feelings that are disruptive to one’s regular routine or interfere with day-to-day functioning
  1. Danger
  • Thoughts, behavior, and feelings may lead to harm or injure to self or others
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3
Q

Biopsychosocial model

A

Psychological disorders result from an interaction btw:

  • Psychological factors
  • Psychological experiences
  • Social Env
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4
Q

DSM-5

A
  • Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders 5th edition in 2013, revision in 2022
  • First published 1952
  • Lists symptoms and criteria for disorders
  • 247 disorders
  • 19 categories
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5
Q

DSM Classification (Part 1)

A
  1. Neurodevelopmental disorders
  2. Schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders
  3. Bipolar & related disorders
  4. Depressive disorders
  5. Anxiety disorders
  6. OCD & related disorders
  7. Trauma and stressor related disorders
  8. Dissociative disorders
  9. Somatic symptom & related disorders
  10. Feeding/eating disorders
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6
Q

DSM Classification (Part 2)

A
  1. Elimination disorders
  2. Sleep-wake disorders
  3. Sexual dysfunctions
  4. Gender dysphoria
  5. Disruptive, impulse control and conduct disorders
  6. Substance and addictive related disorders
  7. Neurocognitive disorders
  8. Personality Disorders
  9. Paraphillic Disorders
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7
Q

DSM gives list of symptoms and information about

A
  • Age of onset & course of the disorder (evolution and persistence of symptoms)
  • Predisposing and risk factors
  • Prevalence rates
  • Gender differences
  • Cultural considerations for diagnosis
  • Differential diagnosis
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8
Q

DSM Classification for Major Depressive Disorder

A
  • Presentations are heterogeneous
  • Symptoms cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational & other
    important areas of functioning
  • The episode isn’t bc of physiological effects of a substance or other medical condition
  • 12 month prevalence
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9
Q

DSM Classification - Risk and Prognostic Factors

A
  1. Temperamental
  • Neuroticism (negative affectivity) is a risk factor for Major Depressive Disorder
  1. Environmental
  • Adverse childhood events and stressful life events is a risk factor major depressive disorder
  1. Genetic and physiological
  • First-degree family members of individuals with Major Depressive Disorder have a risk of the disorder
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10
Q

DSM Classification - Differential Diagnosis

A
  • Manic episodes with irritable mood or mixed episodes
  • Mood disorder due to another medical condition (ex. consequence of multiple sclerosis)
  • Substance/medication-induced depressive or bipolar disorder
  • Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
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11
Q

Problems with the DSM

A
  • Diagnosis of mental disorders is a subjective process + relies on self-report
  • No biomarkers for mental disorders exist
  • Overdiagnosis
    -> Consider everyday problems of living as serious mental disorder
  • Uses Categorical approach (symptom overlap)
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12
Q

Problem with the DSM in terms of Comorbidity

A
  • Does not appropriately account for comorbidity
  • Comorbidity is often a rule
  • Sequential comorbidity (1 disorder gives rise to the other)
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13
Q

Ethical Issues with the DSM

A
  • Gender Identity Disorder renamed to Gender Dysphoria in the DSM-5
  • Maintained in the DSM to allow transgender individuals to be financially covered for the services they need
  • Subjectivity in the inclusion or exclusion of a condition
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14
Q

Stigma & Destigmatization

A
  • Ppl w psychological disorders viewed negatively (sometimes reinforced by media portrayals of ppl with disorders as criminals)
  • Therapy stigma causes ethnic diff in seeking therapy
  • Person-first language destigmatizes (someone suffering from depression)
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15
Q

Stigma and Labels

A
  • Labels can have bad effect on how ppl like clinicians & researchers perceive someone
  • Labels prevent consideration of overlap of disorder
  • Labels can also provide a measure of relief
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16
Q

Stigma and the Law

A
  • Mental health professionals fight the stigma that ppl with psyc disorders are dangerous by emphasizing they aren’t more likely to commit violent acts
  • Truth is somewhere in the middle (modest increase)
  • Schizophrenia and substance abuse = most violent
  • Law: Not guilty by reason of insanity
17
Q

Anxiety Disorders

A
  1. Specific Phobia
  2. Social Anxiety Disorder
  • fear of public speaking, eating in public, performing, negative evaluation (avoidance response)
  1. Agoraphobia
  • fear of using public transportation, open spaces, standing in line, being in a crowd
  • fear of not being able to escape or get help in event of panic
  • avoidance of situations
18
Q

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) & Symptoms

A
  • Excessive anxiety related to a number of events or activities (continuous, passive)
  • Pervasive worrying could be cognitive type of avoidance

Symptoms:

  • Difficulty concentrating
  • Sleep disturbance

NOTE: 2x as common in women

19
Q

Panic Disorder

A
  • Recurring unexpected panic attacks lead to problems (think they r having a heart attack, dying)
  • Feelings of unreality, terror, impending doom
  • Often accompanied by agoraphobia
20
Q

PTSD

A
  • Immediately numbness or dissociation
  • Intrusive symptoms and memories
  • Avoidance of external reminders
  • Negative alterations in mood and cognitions (exaggerated beliefs about others)
  • Altered arousal and reactivity (hyper vigilance, irritability)
21
Q

Risk Factors of PTSD

A
  • Genetic vulnerability
  • History of psychological problems
  • Tendency to avoid unwanted thoughts
  • Lack of social and cognitive resources
22
Q

OCD

A
  • Recurrent unwanted thoughts/images (obsessions)
  • Thought-action fusion
  • Repetitive ritualized behaviours (compulsions) that person cant control (handwashing, checking the door)
  • Magical thinking
  • Behavioural/cognitive rigidity related to abnormalities in PREFRONTAL CORTEX
  • AMYGDALA also active (fear & threat)
23
Q

Bipolar Disorder

A

BP 1: at least one manic episode, no major depressive episode required
BP 2: at least one hypomanic episode and one major depressive episode is required

24
Q

Mania

A

Abnormally elevated/irritable mood accompanied by increased activity or energy:

  • Inflate self-esteem
  • No sleep
  • Psychotic symptoms (sometimes)
  • Racing thoughts, distracted
  • Increase goal-directed acitvity
  • Increased risk-taking
  • Increased talkativeness
25
Q

Depressive disorders

A

Persistant depressed mood/Anhedonia (lack of pleasure/interest) paired with:

  • Change in sleep and apetite
  • Change in movement (irritation/slow)
  • Loss of energy
  • Problems concentrating
  • Indecisiveness
  • Thoughts of death, worthlessness, guilt
  • Stress or impairment in functioning

More common in women due to increased rumination

26
Q

Vulnerability-Stress model of depression

A

The interactions btw individual vulnerabilities and stressful experiences

  • Genetic components
  • Stressful life events
  • Serotonin studies inconclusive bs findings not well replicated
27
Q

Cognitive vulnerability factors of depression

A

Attributional theory: negative events attributed to causes that are

  • Internal/external
  • Stable/temporary
  • Global/specific

Rumination: focusing repetitively/passively on distress (symptoms, causes, and consequences)

Negative Feedback Seeking (NFS), Excessive Reassurance Seeking (ERS)

28
Q

Schizophrenia: Positive Symptoms

A

Behaviours that were NOT PRESENT prior to beginning of disorder

  • Delusions
  • Hallucinations
  • Disorganized thinking
  • Abnormal motor behaviours (catatonic behaviour)
29
Q

Schizophrenia: Negative Symptoms

A

Behaviours that were LOST since onset of disorder

  • Avolition: Loss of motivation to take care of yourself
  • Flat or blunted effect
  • Agolia: reduced speech prodcution
  • Asociality
30
Q

Origins of Schizophrenia

A
  • Childhood or past trauma
  • Brain abnormalities

-> Enlarged ventricals
-> Neurotransmitter abnormalities
-> Abnormalities in the thalamus
-> Deficiencies in the auditory cortex (auditory hallucinations)
-> Hyperactivity of dopamine is subcortical & prefrontal regions

31
Q

Genetic contributions to Schizophrenia

A
  • Genetic predispositions
  • Prenatal problems or birth complications
  • Environmental stressors that interact with genetic predisposition
32
Q

Origins of Schizophrenia - Biological contributions

A
  • Enlarged ventricles in the brain (can be seen in identical twins)
  • Reduction in gray matter density in adoescents with schizophrenia over 5 years

ON BRAIN SCAN:
- Greatest tissue loss are in red and magenta
- Schizophrenic brain = blue

PSYC 100 Final (4 decks)

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