L12: glysolysis Flashcards
what are the 2 metabolic pathways
anabolic
catabolic (hydrolysis & oxidation)
what is an anabolic pathway?
use energy to synthesize complex molecules
endergonic
molecular order: increase
entropy: decrease
what are the 2 types of catabolic pathway
aerobic (with oxygen)
anaerobic (without oxygen)
exergonic
molecular order: decrease
entropy: increase
how do cells store chemical energy?
atp
gtp
acetyl coa
creatine phosphate
reduced coenzymes to increase reduction potential
what is hydrolysis
a bond that is broken by an addition of water
why is atp the most convenient energy currency for the cell?
7.3 kcal/mol
most reactions require energy level around ATP-wasting less than using other higher molecules
what is oxidation
exergonic
dehydrogenation: H+ is removed
ex. ethanol -> acetaldehyde
what is reduction
endergonic
hydrogenation: H+ is added
ex. acetaldehyde -> ethanol
NAD
nicotinamide (b vitamin niacin) adenine dinucleotide
reduced form: NADH (acceptor of electrons)
oxidized form: NAD+ (donor of electrons)
-coenzymes in oxidoreductase
Phosphorolytic cleavage
similar to hydrolysis, but uses inorganic phosphate to break the bond rather than h20
-Pi breaks the down between glucose units
ex. glucose-1-phosphate -> glucose-6-phosphate (metabolized in the glycolytic pathway)
OIL RIG
oxidation is losing, reduction is gaining
glycolytic pathway review
location: cytosol
phase 1: preparation and cleavage
phase 2: oxidation and atp generation
phase 3: pyruvate formation and atp generation
phase 1: preparation and cleavage
glucose (6 OOOOOO)—-> 2 molecules of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate ( 3 OOO & 3 OOO)
2atp–> 2 adp
phase 2: oxidation and atp generation
2 molecules of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (3 OOO & 3 OOO) —-> 2 molecules of 2 molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate (3 OOO & 3 OOO)
2 adp & pi –> 2 atp
2 NAD+ –> 2 NADH (oxidized)
phase 3: pyruvate formation and ATP generation
2 molecules of 3 phosphoglycerate (3 OOO & 3OOO) —-> 2 molecules of pyvurate ( OOO & OOO)
2 adp & pi–> 2 atp (synthesis)
net gain of glycolysis
glucose—> pyvurate
used 2 atp produced 4 atp ---------------------------- net: 2 atp
2 NADH
What happens after glycolysis when theres no oxygen?
anaerobic respiration
pyruvate is reduced into
1)lactate
2)ethanol & co2
NADH—oxidized—> NAD+
what happens after glycolysis when there’s oxygen?
aerobic respiration
2 pyruvate—> 2 acetyl CoA (OO) (oxidized & decarboxylated)
NAD+ —-reduced—-> NADH
Coenzyme—-> CO2
Krebs Cycle
Location: mitonchondria matrix
- oxaloacetate (OOOO) + CoA (OO) —–> citrate (OOOOOO)
- Citrate (OOOOOO)—-> Succinate (OOOO)
2 NAD+ —- reduced—–> 2 NADH
2 CO leaves the cycle under oxidative decarboxylation
ADP+Pi—- synthesize—> ATP - Succinate—–> Oxalocetate
NAD+— oxidized—->NADH
FAD——oxidized—–>FADH2
net gain of Krebs cycle
3 NADH
1 FADH2
1 ATP
goes thru the cycle twice because there are 2 pyruvates
=6 NADH
=2 FADH
=2 ATP
electron transport chain
location: inner membrane
a. complex I:
-receives 2 e- from NADH + passes them to CoQ via FMN/ Fe-S protein
-4 H+ are pumped out of the matrix (into
intermembrane space)
b. complex III:
-cyt c receives e- from CoQH2
-CoQH2 carries H2 across the membrane
-2 H+ are pumped out of the matrix (into
intermembrane space)
c. complex IV:
-receives e- from cyt c, passes it to oxygen
-oxygen —reduced—-> water
- 2 H+ are pumped out of the matrix (into
intermembrane space)
d. ATP synthase
-uses energy from the proton gradient to synthesize ATP
What work? intact mitochondrion
ETC: yes
ATP synthesis: yes
What work? submitochondrial particles
ETC: yes
ATP synthesis: yes
ATPase activity: no
What work? dissociated particles
ETC: yes
ATP synthesis: no (uncouple-cannot make atp)
ATPase activity: Yes
what work? soluble fraction w F1 spheres
ETC: No
ATP synthesis: No (not powered by anything)
ATPase activity: Yes
what work? reconstituted particles
ETC:yes
ATP synthesis: Yes
ATPase activity: No
what work? membranous fraction
ETC: yes
ATP synthesis: no
ATPase activity: no
how much ATP is made for how much H+
every 10 H+ translocated makes 3 ATP
