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121 > L12. Bones and Joints > Flashcards

L12. Bones and Joints Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the skeletal system

A
  • SUPPORT: structural support/ framework for entire body
  • STORAGE: of minerals, lipids and other important ions (eg. calcium, phosphate)
  • BLOOD CELL PRODUCTION: red/ white blood cells and other blood components
  • PROTECTION: of soft tissues (eg. skull protects brain)
  • LEVERAGE: act as a lever for muscles to pull on to produce movement
  • ACID-BASE BALANCE: absorbing or releasing alkaline salts eg. CaPO42+
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2
Q

Compoents of the skeletal system:

A
  • BONES: Skeleton structure
  • TENDONS: Attach muscles to bones
  • Ligaments: Attach bone to bone
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3
Q

Bone marrow

A
  • RED BONE MARROW: produce blood cells
  • YELLOW BONE MARROW:
    storage of minerals and lipids
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4
Q

Form of Bone

A 
COMPACT BONE (outside):
- strong
- structure and support 
- resist stress
- osteons (compact columns)
- protective cover in all bones 
- makes up bulk of long bones 
- heavy 
SPONGY BONE (inside):
- distributes stress
- trabeculae (crisscross beams)
- storage of marrow 
- interior of bone
- lightweight
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5
Q

Structure of long bone (3 parts)

A

DIAPHYSIS

  • the shaft
  • a heavy wall of compact bone, or dense bone
  • a central space called medullary (marrow) cavity

EPIPHYSIS

  • wide part at each end
  • articulation with other bones
  • mostly spongy (cancellous) bone
  • covered with compact bone (cortex)

METAPHYSIS
- where diaphysis ans epiphysis meet

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6
Q

Periosteum

A
  • Thick vascular fibrous membrane surrounding bone
  • Attachment site for tendons and ligaments
  • Contains osteoprogenitor cells
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7
Q

Endosteum

A
  • Thin vascular membrane lining the medullary cavity

- Contains osteoprogenitor cells

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8
Q

Bone matrix is made up of:

A

MINERALS (inorganic)

  • roughly 2/3
  • mainly calcium phosphates, calcium hydroxyapatite
  • resists compression, responsible for ‘hardness’, can shatter if twisted

PROTEINS

  • roughly 1/3
  • mainly collagen, proteoglycans, growth factors
  • resists tension, responsible for ‘flexibility’
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9
Q

Bone cells (bone remodelling)

A

OSTEOBLASTS (Building)
- immature bone cells that deposit minerals to form bone

OSTEOCYTES

  • matured osteoblasts trapped within a lacuna (cocoon)
  • responsible for maintaining the surrounding matrix by continually dissolving and depositing new matrix

OSTEOCLASTS (Clearing)
- large, multinucleated cells that dissolve bone matrix

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10
Q

Bone remodelling definition and function

A

Bone Remodelling= continuous bone deposition by osteoblasts and bone resorption by osteoclasts

Functions:

  • repairs micro-fractures
  • release minerals into the blood (osteoclast)
  • accumulates minerals from blood storage (osteoblast)
  • reshapes bones in response to use/ disuse
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11
Q

The axial skeleton

A 
SKULL
- 8 cranial bones 
- 14 facial bones 
VERTEBRAL COLUMN
- 24 vertebrae 
- Sacrum
- Coccyx
THORACIC CAGE
- 24 robs
- Sternum
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12
Q

The vertebral column

A

33 vertebrae in total

  • Cervical
  • Thoracic
  • Lumber
  • Sacral
  • Coccyx
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13
Q

Thoracic Cage

A
  • thoracic vertebrae
  • 12 pairs of ribs
  • sternum: flat bone in the mid-line of the thoracic wall
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14
Q

The Appendicular skeleton

A
  • appendages (projection from the body segment) including the limb gurdle
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15
Q

Articulations- 4 structural classes of joints

A
  • Bony
  • Fibrous
  • Cartilaginous
  • Synovial
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16
Q

Bony Joints

A
  • An immovable joint formed when the gap between two bones ossify, making it a single bone
  • (bony joints can start off being fibrous or cartilaginous joints which later ossify)
    eg. the epiphysis and diaphysis in long bones are initially cartilaginous
17
Q

Fibrous Joints

A 
- Occurs where two adjaccent bones are bound together by collagen fibre
3 functional types of fibrous joints:
> Sutures
> Gomphoses
> Syndesmoses
18
Q

Cartilaginous Joints

A
  • Occurs where two bones are linked together by cartilage
    2 functional types of cartilaginous joints:
    > Synchondroses- attached by hyaline cartilage
    > Symphyses- attached by fibrocartilage
19
Q

Synovial Joints

A
  • The most freely movable joint in the body
  • Two adjacent bones are separated by fibrous joint capsule, lined by synovial membrane and filled with synovial fluid (joint cavity)
20
Q

Synovial Fluid

A

A slippery, viscous fluid which is secreted by the synovial membrane for:

  • Lubrication of the joint
  • Nourishment and waste removal
21
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A

Covers the articulating surfaces of the two bones for:

  • protection of bone
  • weight dissipation
  • shock absorption

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