L11 - Organic Chemistry (1) Flashcards
What is organic chemistry?
The chemistry of carbon-based molecules: molecules with C-H bonds, structure and synthesis.
Describe the features of organic compounds.
- Composed of C, H and a few other elements
- Covalent bonding
- Solubility is variable; depends on structure and bonding
- Mostly flammable
- Isomerism common
- Chemical reactions occur between molecules; can be slower
- Classifications include functional groups, skeletal structures, homologous series
Describe the features of inorganic compounds.
- Composed of all known elements
- Often ionic bonding
- High solubility in water, low solubility in non-polar solvents
- Mostly non-flammable
- Isomers are less common (complexes of transition metals only)
- Chemical reactions occur between ions; usually fast and quantitative
- Classifications include acids, bases, salts
What functional groups are present in Aspirin?
- Carboxylic acid
- Ester
- Aryl
What is Aspirin used for?
Commonly used painkiller.
What functional groups are present in Adrenaline?
- Alcohol
- Amine
- Phenol
What is Adrenaline used for?
Secreted by adrenal glands in response to stress.
What functional groups are present in Retinal?
- Alkene
- Aldehyde
What is Retinal used for?
Vision depends on cis-11-retinal.
What functional groups are present in Sodium Lauryl Sulfate (Synthetic Compound)?
- Ester
How is Sodium Lauryl Sulfate (Synthetic Compound) made?
Soaps are produced by he reaction of a base with fats and oils.
Name some naturally derived organic compounds.
Fuels:
- Wood
- Coal
- Oil
- Alcohol
Textiles:
- Wool
- Cotton
- Silk
- Leather
Building blocks of life:
- Lipids
- Sugars
- Proteins
- Nucleic acids
- Vitamins
Drugs:
- Penicillin
- Quinine
- Morphine
- Erythromycin
- Vincristine
- Thyroxine
Flavours and fragrances:
- Vanillin
Dyes:
- Indigo
- Woad
Paper
Name some synthetic compounds.
Textiles:
- Nylon
- Rayon
Materials:
- Rubbers
- Plastics
- Artificial body parts (e.g. hip / knee prostheses, heart valves, dentures)
Drugs:
- Paracetamol
- Salbutamol
- Statins
- Anti-depressants
Ingredients in soaps, detergents, polishes, cosmetics, deodorants, shampoos etc.
Describe the features of Carbon.
- Smallest member of Group 4
- Non-metal
- Electronic structure: 1s2 2s2 2p2
- Two stable isotopes: 12C, 13C
- Forms strong bonds with itself / other elements (chains, rings)
- Forms single, double and triple covalent bonds
What are hydrocarbons?
Compound which contains only C and H.
What are saturated hydrocarbons?
Compounds which contain only single C-C bonds, and have no double bonds between carbon atoms.
Carbon atoms are fully saturated with hydrogen; contain the maximum possible number of hydrogen atoms per carbon atom.
What are unsaturated hydrocarbons?
Compounds which contain one or more double C=C bonds.
What is the general formula for alkanes (linear molecules)?
CnH2n+2
What is the general formula for cycloalkanes (cyclic molecules)?
CnH2n
What is the nature of alkanes?
Saturated
What is the nature of alkenes and alkynes?
Unsaturated
What is the general formula for alkenes?
CnH2n
What is the general formula for alkynes?
CnH2n-2
What is the difference between alkenes and alkynes?
- Alkenes: Contain at least one C=C double bond
- Alkynes: Contain at least one C≡C triple bond
What are aromatic compounds?
Compounds that usually contain one or more rings of six Carbon atoms (benzene ring)
How can structural isomers of organic compounds be distinguished?
By prefixes indicating the type of branching present in the carbon chain.
Describe the prefixes for the different types of branching.
- n: alkane is unbranched
- iso: alkane contains (CH3)2CH and no other branches
- neo: alkane contains (CH3)3C and no other branches
Describe the classification of carbon atoms.
- Primary (1°): Carbon bonded to one other carbon atom (or heteroatom)
- Secondary (2°): Carbon bonded to two other carbon atoms
- Tertiary (3°): Carbon bonded to three other carbon atoms
- Quaternary (4°): Carbon bonded to four other carbon atoms
