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CLS3003-B: Chemistry (Semester 1) > L11 - Organic Chemistry (1) > Flashcards

L11 - Organic Chemistry (1) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is organic chemistry?

A

The chemistry of carbon-based molecules: molecules with C-H bonds, structure and synthesis.

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2
Q

Describe the features of organic compounds.

A
  • Composed of C, H and a few other elements
  • Covalent bonding
  • Solubility is variable; depends on structure and bonding
  • Mostly flammable
  • Isomerism common
  • Chemical reactions occur between molecules; can be slower
  • Classifications include functional groups, skeletal structures, homologous series
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3
Q

Describe the features of inorganic compounds.

A
  • Composed of all known elements
  • Often ionic bonding
  • High solubility in water, low solubility in non-polar solvents
  • Mostly non-flammable
  • Isomers are less common (complexes of transition metals only)
  • Chemical reactions occur between ions; usually fast and quantitative
  • Classifications include acids, bases, salts
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4
Q

What functional groups are present in Aspirin?

A
  • Carboxylic acid
  • Ester
  • Aryl
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5
Q

What is Aspirin used for?

A

Commonly used painkiller.

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6
Q

What functional groups are present in Adrenaline?

A
  • Alcohol
  • Amine
  • Phenol
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7
Q

What is Adrenaline used for?

A

Secreted by adrenal glands in response to stress.

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8
Q

What functional groups are present in Retinal?

A
  • Alkene

- Aldehyde

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9
Q

What is Retinal used for?

A

Vision depends on cis-11-retinal.

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10
Q

What functional groups are present in Sodium Lauryl Sulfate (Synthetic Compound)?

A
  • Ester
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11
Q

How is Sodium Lauryl Sulfate (Synthetic Compound) made?

A

Soaps are produced by he reaction of a base with fats and oils.

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12
Q

Name some naturally derived organic compounds.

A

Fuels:

  • Wood
  • Coal
  • Oil
  • Alcohol

Textiles:

  • Wool
  • Cotton
  • Silk
  • Leather

Building blocks of life:

  • Lipids
  • Sugars
  • Proteins
  • Nucleic acids
  • Vitamins

Drugs:

  • Penicillin
  • Quinine
  • Morphine
  • Erythromycin
  • Vincristine
  • Thyroxine

Flavours and fragrances:
- Vanillin

Dyes:

  • Indigo
  • Woad

Paper

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13
Q

Name some synthetic compounds.

A

Textiles:

  • Nylon
  • Rayon

Materials:

  • Rubbers
  • Plastics
  • Artificial body parts (e.g. hip / knee prostheses, heart valves, dentures)

Drugs:

  • Paracetamol
  • Salbutamol
  • Statins
  • Anti-depressants

Ingredients in soaps, detergents, polishes, cosmetics, deodorants, shampoos etc.

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14
Q

Describe the features of Carbon.

A
  • Smallest member of Group 4
  • Non-metal
  • Electronic structure: 1s2 2s2 2p2
  • Two stable isotopes: 12C, 13C
  • Forms strong bonds with itself / other elements (chains, rings)
  • Forms single, double and triple covalent bonds
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15
Q

What are hydrocarbons?

A

Compound which contains only C and H.

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16
Q

What are saturated hydrocarbons?

A

Compounds which contain only single C-C bonds, and have no double bonds between carbon atoms.

Carbon atoms are fully saturated with hydrogen; contain the maximum possible number of hydrogen atoms per carbon atom.

17
Q

What are unsaturated hydrocarbons?

A

Compounds which contain one or more double C=C bonds.

18
Q

What is the general formula for alkanes (linear molecules)?

A

CnH2n+2

19
Q

What is the general formula for cycloalkanes (cyclic molecules)?

A

CnH2n

20
Q

What is the nature of alkanes?

A

Saturated

21
Q

What is the nature of alkenes and alkynes?

A

Unsaturated

22
Q

What is the general formula for alkenes?

A

CnH2n

23
Q

What is the general formula for alkynes?

A

CnH2n-2

24
Q

What is the difference between alkenes and alkynes?

A
  • Alkenes: Contain at least one C=C double bond

- Alkynes: Contain at least one C≡C triple bond

25
Q

What are aromatic compounds?

A

Compounds that usually contain one or more rings of six Carbon atoms (benzene ring)

26
Q

How can structural isomers of organic compounds be distinguished?

A

By prefixes indicating the type of branching present in the carbon chain.

27
Q

Describe the prefixes for the different types of branching.

A
  • n: alkane is unbranched
  • iso: alkane contains (CH3)2CH and no other branches
  • neo: alkane contains (CH3)3C and no other branches
28
Q

Describe the classification of carbon atoms.

A
  • Primary (1°): Carbon bonded to one other carbon atom (or heteroatom)
  • Secondary (2°): Carbon bonded to two other carbon atoms
  • Tertiary (3°): Carbon bonded to three other carbon atoms
  • Quaternary (4°): Carbon bonded to four other carbon atoms

CLS3003-B: Chemistry (Semester 1) (13 decks)

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