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1k. Renal System > L101: Kidney 1 > Flashcards

L101: Kidney 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What type of organ are the kidneys?

A

Excretory

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2
Q

What are the two main functions of the kidneys?

A
  • Filter blood and produce urine;
  • Maintain internal homeostasis*.
  • fluid, BP, acid/ base, erythropoietin, Ca, Vit D, electrolytes
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3
Q

What is the function of the ureters?

A

Convey urine

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4
Q

What is the function of the bladder?

A

Store urine

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5
Q

What is the function of the urethra?

A

Void urine

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6
Q

What supplies blood to the kidneys?

A

Abdominal aorta (via renal arteries)

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7
Q

What drains the blood from the kidneys?

A

Inferior vena cava (via renal veins)

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8
Q

At what anatomical feature do arteries and veins join to the kidneys?

A

The hilum of the kidneys

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9
Q

What is the peritoneum?

A

A serous membrane forming the lining of the abdominal cavity

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10
Q

What is the name of the structure that supports and protects the kidneys?

A

Renal fat pad

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11
Q

In the macroscopic structure of the kidney, what are the three main parts?

A
  • Pelvis;
  • Medulla;
  • Cortex.
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12
Q

Which part of the kidney contains the majority of nephrons?

A

Cortex - 85%

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13
Q

Where is urine concentrated, to prevent excess water loss, in the kidneys?

A

Medulla

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14
Q

What happens in the pelvis of the kidney?

A

Collection of urine which is then funnelled into the ureter

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15
Q

How much blood is processed by the kidneys per minute?

A

1.2L

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16
Q

The kidneys are highly vascular organs, what is the main sequence of blood flow from the renal artery?

A
  • Afferent arterioles -
  • Glomerular capillaries -
  • Efferent arterioles -
  • Peritubular capillaries.
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17
Q

How are the peritubular capillaries adapted for their function?

A

Vasa recta are U-shaped for greater absorbance

18
Q

What are the two types of nephron?

A
  • Cortical (short, LofH, 85%);

- Juxtamedullary (long, 15%).

19
Q

In the kidneys, where does filtration occur?

A

In the renal corpuscle

20
Q

What are the major components of the renal corpuscle?

A
  • Bowman’s capsule;

- Glomerulus.

21
Q

In the kidneys, where does reabsorption and secretion occur?

A

In the renal tubule

22
Q

What are the major components of the renal tubule?

A
  • PCT;
  • L of H;
  • DCT.
23
Q

What is a glomerulus?

A

A network of fine capillaries within the Bowman’s capsule

24
Q

How does the structure of the capillaries of the glomerulus assist ultrafiltration?

A
  • Surrounded by a single layer of endothelial cells (fenestrated - pores);
  • Basement layer;
  • Podocytes with pedicels
25
Q

What cannot pass through the ultrafiltration barrier?

A
  • Large cells inc. rbc;
  • Negatively charged molecules;
  • Large proteins;
  • Serum albumin.
26
Q

What is the Bowman’s capsule?

A
  • Cuplike structure surrounding the glomerulus;
  • Bowman’s space allows for filtered components to be captured;
  • Visceral (inner) layer;
  • Pareital (outer) layer.
27
Q

How is the visceral layer of the Bowman’s capsule specialised?

A

Podocytes, with pedicel projections that wrap around the glomerular capillaries

28
Q

What are the major components of the filtration barrier?

A
  • Fenestrated glomerular endothelium;
  • Basement membrane;
  • Pedicels of podocytes.
29
Q

What can pass through the ultrafiltration barrier?

A
  • Water;
  • Glucose;
  • Amino acids;
  • Urea;
  • Creatinine;
  • Ions: Ca2+, Cl-, HCO3-, K+, PO4, Na+.
30
Q

What constitutes to hydrostatic pressure within the glomerulus?

A

Wider afferent arteriole to efferent arteriole

31
Q

What is glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

A

The rate at which blood is filtered through the glomerulus into the Bowman’s capsule

32
Q

What forces favour glomerular hydrostatic pressure?

i.e. push fluid out of the glomerulus

A
  • Glomerular hydrostatic pressure;

- Capsular osmotic pressure.

33
Q

What forces counteract glomerular hydrostatic pressure?

i.e. push fluid into the glomerulus

A
  • Glomerular osmotic pressure;

- Capsular hydrostatic pressure.

34
Q

What primarily drives GFR?

A

Glomerular hydrostatic pressure

35
Q

What primarily counteracts GFR?

A

Capsular hydrostatic pressure

36
Q

What counteracts capsular hydrostatic pressure?

A

Glomerular osmotic pressure

37
Q

What is normal, healthy GFR?

A

125mL/ min, 180L/ day.

38
Q

How does CKD effect GFR?

A

CKD decreases GFR - insufficient blood clearance and waste removal - accumulation of waste in the blood

39
Q

What blood component can be measured as an estimate of kidney function?

A

Creatinine

40
Q

How does the level of creatinine change in the blood of a patient with CKD?

A

Creatinine levels increase as CKD progresses (lower blood clearance)

1k. Renal System (4 decks)

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