L10-Microbial Jeopardy

Question 1

Chlamydia

Answer 1

(Bacteria)-humans, animals
Obligate intracellular parasite hence has simplest biochemical capacities known to all bacteria
Ex. C. psittaci-causes psittacosis, C. trachomatis-causes STDs, C. pneumonia-causes respiratory diseases eg. conjunctivitis humans and animals

Question 2

Thermotoga

Answer 2

(bacteria)-terrestrial hotsprings and marine hydrothermal vents
Extremely thermostable (up to 90 deg C). Toga like sheath/envelope. Can reduce for energy
Ex. T. maritima

Question 3

Chloroflexi

Answer 3

(bacteria)-microbial mats in hot springs
Earliest phototrophs w/ hybrid system between obl. anaerobic green sulfur and purple bacteria. Can use either atmospheric CO2 or organic molecules as a carbon source. Some thermophiles w/ unique lipids and high amounts of protein in their cell wall.
Ex.Chloroflexus and Thermomicrobium

Question 4

Enterics

Answer 4

(g neg bacteria)-intestinal tract of human, warm blooded animals. Sometimes lizards. Water, sewage and soil.
Facultative anaerobes, oxidase negative and ferment sugars. Most produce enterotoxins. Peritrichous flagella.
Ex. E.coli, salmonella, shigella, proteus, enterobacter, klebsiella, serratia

Question 5

Myxobacteria

Answer 5

(bacteria)-soil
Slime.Move actively by gliding. Typically travel in swarms by quarrum sensing.Complex life cycles that include fruiting bodies. Produce many useful metabolites
Ex.Sorangium cellulosum

Question 6

Aquifex

Answer 6

(bacteria)-Environments with very hot temperatures, ie. volcanoes and hot springs
Performs aerobic respiration, with water as the final product of rxn, but it can also use thiosulfate or sulfur as an energy source and produce sulfuric acid and H2S instead of water.
Ex.Aquifex pyrophilus

Question 7

Purple sulfur bacteria

Answer 7

(bacteria)-anoxic zones of lakes and other aquatic habitats with H2S reservoirs
Anoxic photoautotrophs that use the Calvin cycle for metabolism
Ex. Ecthiorhodopsera and Halohodspira: both oxidize H2S extracellularly, and both can live in extremely alkaline environments.

Question 8

Purple non-sulfur bacteria

Answer 8

(bacteria)-Diverse habitats (anoxic/ oxic, light/ dark)
Majority are photoheterotrophic which uses the light as energy and organic compounds as a carbon source. some are autotrophs and some can grow in anaerobic/aerobic dark environments
Ex. Rhopspirillum/ Rhodospira; both are polarly flagellated.

Question 9

Pathogenic pseudomonas

Answer 9

(Bacteria)-Water and in plant seeds. Form biofilms. Live off of a simple carbon source. Can thrive many different niches
Strict aerobes. Can metabolize a variety of diverse nutrients. Resistant to many antibiotics such as penicillin.
Ex. Animal pathogens: P. aeruginosa, P. oryzihabitans, and P. plecoglossicida, Plant Pathogens: P. syringae

Question 10

Streptomyces

Answer 10

(Gram- positive bacteria)-Mainly soil forms, but with occasional aquatic or parasitic species
Antibiotic synthesizers
Ex. Streptomyces griseus: Producer of Streptomycin

Question 11

Neisseria

Answer 11

(g neg bacteria) Mucosal Surfaces or animals
Most have catalase and oxidase. aerobic. Many produce acid from glucose, and some produce it from maltose. N. meningitidis has the ability to denitrify nitrite into nitrous oxide.
Ex. N. gonorrhoeae causes gonorrhea. N. meningitidis is the most common causes of bacterial meningitis.

Question 12

Vibrio

Answer 12

(Bacteria)- saltwater (can cause foodborne infection associated with eating undercooked seafood)
Require saline for growth; produce extracellular cytotoxins and enzymes which cause extensive tissue damage; can be infected by ingesting infected seafood or having an open wound exposed to infected seawater
Ex. V. cholera (causes cholera); V. vulnificus (outbreaks in warm climates)

Question 13

Thermoproteales

Answer 13

(Archaea)-slightly acidic hot springs and hydrothermal
Some chemolithotropically on H2. Chemoorganotrophically on complex carbon substrates. some can respire aerobically. Some anaerobic respiration with NO3-, Fe3+, or S0 as e- acceptors and H2 donors. Some anaerobically on e- donors reducing S0 to H2S
Ex. Thermoproteus- rigid rods, highly variable in length. Thermofilum- thinner rods

Question 14

Sulfolobales

Answer 14

(archaea) Volcanic springs
Lithoautotrophically by oxidizing sulfur or chemoheterotrophically using sulfur to oxidize simple reduced carbon compounds. Heterotrophy only seen in the presence of oxygen
Ex. S. acidocaldarius, S. solfataricus, and S. tokodaii

Question 15

Mycobacteria

Answer 15

(bacteria)-water and food sources. Some obligate parasites.
Mycolic acids which make up a waxy coating. Pathogenic: some cause tb, leprosy through animal vectors.
Ex. M. Tuberculosis

Question 16

Spirochetes

Answer 16

(bacteria)-Widespread in aquatic environments and in animals
Tightly coiled, slender, and flexuous. Moves by use of endoflagella
Ex. S. treponema: Syphilis, yaws, swine dysentery; S. Borrelia: Lyme disease and ovine/ bovine borreliosis; S. Leptospiria: leptospirosis

Question 17

Rickettsiae

Answer 17

(Bacteria)-found in ticks, lice, fleas, mites, chiggers, and mammals
Rickettsia transmitted by the bite of ticks or mites or by the feces of lice or fleas. Enter target cells, multiply by binary fission in the cytosol, and damage cells directly.
Ex.2 groups; spotted fever/typhus group; scrub typhus rickettsiae R.rickettsia – Rocky mountain spotted fever

Question 18

Sulfate and sulfur reducing bacteria

Answer 18

Bacteria and many non-methanogenic archaea (Euryarchaeota)
soils and anoxic mud where sulfate is available
*Most anaerobic. Use lactate, pyruvate,many alcohols and some fatty acids as e- donors to reduce sulfate or inorg sulfur
Ex. Proteus, Campylobacter, Pseudomonas and Salmonella

Question 19

nonsporulating Firmicutes

Answer 19

(bacteria)
Staph and Micro: high salinity, tolerate drying
Sarcina: acid-tolerant (pH 2), found in groups of 8
Lactic acid bacteria: sugars required, tolerant of lower pH
Staph: facultative aerobe Micro: obligate aerobe
Sarcina: obligate aerobe
Strep: aerotolerant anaerobe, homofermentative
Lactobacilli: mostly homofermentative, aerotolerant anaerobe
Ex. Staphylococcus, Micrococcus, Sarcina, Lactic acid bacteria (Streptococcus and Lactobacillus)

Question 20

Cyanobacteria

Answer 20

(bacteria)-terrestrial, freshwater and marine habitats. More tolerant of environmental extremes than algae
First O2 phototrophic organisms-> highly oxic atmosphere today Produce chlorophyll a and phycobilins for N fixing common.
Ex. Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus-unicellular and most abundant in ocean, significant %age of CO2 fixed globally

Question 21

Aerobic Nitrogen Fixers

Answer 21

(bacteria) Free Living – Aerobic Soil or Water. Some form symbiosis with plant roots
Nitrogen Fixation
8H+ + 8e- + N2 + 2NH3 + H2
Ex. Azotobacter Vinelandii (free living) or Rhizobia (plant symbiont)

Question 22

Spore-forming firmicutes

Answer 22

(bacteria)-soil
Most rod shaped, Heat resistant. Many bacilli break down complex polymers for carbon source and electron donors.
Clostridia use sub-level phosphorylation for ATP. methane monooxygenase, catalyzes O2 into methane forming CH3OH, thus methanotrophs are obligate aerobes.
Ex. Bacillus and Clostridium

Question 23

Methanotrophs- oxidize methane

Methylotrophs-organisms that can grow using carbon compounds that lack C-C bonds.

Answer 23

(Bacteria)(There are some anoxic Archaea)
Widespread in aquatic and terrestrial soils wherever stable sources of CH4 is present. In water sources these microorganisms thrive in zones where CH4 and O2 meet.
An enzyme, methane monooxygenase, catalyzes O2 into methane forming CH3OH, thus methanotrophs are obligate aerobes. Chemolithotrophs that oxidize ammonia and nitrite
Ex. Methylotroph/Methylacidiphilum inhabits acidic geothermal environments where CH4 is released in vented gas, acidophilic

Question 24

Nitrifying Bacteria

Answer 24

(Bacteria)-Soil and water, Areas where protein decomposition is high, Sewage treatment areas
Nitrification results from sequential activities from 2 physiological groups of organisms: ammonia oxidizing organisms and nitrite oxidizing organisms.Internal membrane stacks have a key enzymes that allows these events to occur.Ammonia oxidizing organisms have ammonia monooxygenase. NH3àNO2-Nitrite oxidizing organisms have nitrite oxidoreductase NO2- àNO3-
Ex. Nitrosomonas, nitrobacter