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MBBS II MSS > L10 - LOWER LIMB MUSCLES > Flashcards

L10 - LOWER LIMB MUSCLES Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 functional groups of muscles of the gluteal region?

A

1) Superficial layer
2) Hip abductors
3) Lateral rotators of the hip

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2
Q

What are the superficial muscles of the gluteal region?

A

3 large glutei: Maximus, Medius, Minimus

Tensor fasciae latae

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3
Q

What are the deep muscles/ lateral rotators of the gluteal region?

A

Superior to inferior:

Piriformis 
Superior gemellus 
Obturator internus 
Inferior gemellus 
Quadratus femoris
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4
Q

Origin, insertion of the 3 large glutei muscles?

A

Gluteus maximus: origin = ilium and sacrum, sacrotuberous ligament; Insertion = Gluteal tuberosity or iliotibial tract @ lateral condyle of tibia

Gluteus medius: origin = external surface of ilium; insertion = lateral greater trochanter of femur

Gluteus minimus: origin = ilium; insertion = anterior greater trochanter of femur

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5
Q

Origin, insertion of the tensor fasciae latae?

A

origin = ASIS and anterior iliac crest

insertion = iliotibial tract (which attaches to lateral condyle of tibia)

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6
Q

Function of superficial gluteal muscles?

A

Gluteus maximus: powerful extensor of the thigh at the hip joint (for squats, climbing stairs); lateral rotation of thigh

Tensor fasciae latae: weak flexor at hip joint, medial rotator

Gluteus medius and minimus:
abduct and medially rotate thigh, stabilizing the pelvis in the coronal plane (walking on level ground)

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7
Q

Origin, insertion and function of Piriformis?

A

Origin = anterior sacrum, sacrotuberous lig.

Insertion = Superior greater trochanter of femur

Function = Lateral rotation of extended thigh + Abduct flexed thigh + stabilize hip joint

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8
Q

Origin, insertion and function of Superior and inferior gemellus?

A

Superior gemellus origin = Ischial spine; Inferior gemellus origin = Ischial tuberosity

Both insertion = Medial greater trochanter of femur

Both function = Laterally rotate extended thigh + Abduct flexed thigh + stabilize hip joint

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9
Q

Origin, insertion and function of Obturator internus?

A

Origin = Pelvic surface of obturator membrane and surrounding bone

Insertion = Medial greater trochanter

Function = Laterally rotate extended thigh + Abduct flexed thigh + stabilize hip joint

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10
Q

Origin, insertion and function of Quadratus femoris?

A

Origin = lateral ischial tuberosity

Insertion = Quadrate tubercule on intertrochanteric crest of femur

function = Lateral rotation of thigh + stabilize hip joint

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11
Q

What covers the surfaces of the obturator membrane?

A

Muscle fibres of the obturator internus and obturator externus cover the inner and outer surfaces of the obturator membrane, respectively

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12
Q

Origin, insertion and function of Obturator externus?

A

Origin = Obturator foramen margins and obturator membrane

Insertion = trochanteric fossa of femur

Function = Lateral rotation of thigh when hip joint is flexed

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13
Q

What are the muscles of the anterior hip and their collective function?

A

Flexion of hip (& trunk) and stabilize hip joint

Psoas major, minor + Iliacus = Iliopsoas muscles

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14
Q

Origin, insertion of the anterior hip muscles?

A

Psoas major:

  • Origin = T12 to L5 sides and discs + transverse processes of all lumbar vertebrae
  • Insertion = Lesser trochanter of femur

Psas minor:

  • Origin = T12 - L1 vertebrae and discs
  • Insertion = Pectineal line, iliopectineal eminence

Iliacus:

  • Origin = Iliac crest, iliac fossa, ala of sacrum, sacroiliac ligaments
  • Insertion = Tendon of psoas major, lesser trochanter of femur
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15
Q

Describe the functional compartments of the thigh?

A

Divided into anterior and posterior compartments by Lateral intermuscular septum

Posterior compartment subdivided by posterior intermuscular septum to give medial compartment

Medial and anterior compartment separated by medial intermuscular septum

> > 3 functional compartments

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16
Q

Describe the fascia lata structure in the thigh?

A

Stocking- like layer around muscles

Attached to:
- root of thigh: sacrum, coocyx, hip bone (iliac crest, sacrotuberous lig., ischial tuberosity, pubis)

  • inguinal lig.

Laterally thicken to form band: Iliotibial tract (running from the iliac crest to the lateral tibial condyle)

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17
Q

What superficial vein of the leg crosses the fascia lata?

A

Great saphenous vein transverses the fascia lata

via the saphenous opening inferior to medial end of Inguinal ligament

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18
Q

List the muscles in the anterior extensor group of the thigh?

A

Quadriceps femoris

Sartorius

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19
Q

What are the components of Quadriceps femoris? Function of Quadricep femoris?

A

Rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis & vastus intermedius
(only the rectus femoris spans the hip joint)

Function = Extension of knee, Rectus femoris stabilize the hip joint

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20
Q

Origin, Insertion and function of Sartorius?

A

Origin = ASIS

Insertion = medial surface of tibia below medial condyle

Function = flex, abduct and laterally rotate thigh, flex leg at knee joint

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21
Q

List the origin and insertion of the 4 components of Quadriceps femoris?

A

All 4 insert at Quadriceps tendon&raquo_space; via patella and patellar ligament to the tibial tuberosity

  • Rectus femoris: origin = AIIS + ilium superior to acetabulum
  • Vastus lateralis: origin = Gretaer trochanter and lateral linea aspera of femur;
  • Vastus medialis: origin = intertrochanteric line and medial linea aspera of femur

Vastus intermedius: origin = anterior and alteral surface of femur shaft

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22
Q

What are the ‘ Guy ropes’ at the knee joint?

A

Pes anserinus

Conjoined tendons of three muscles* that insert onto the anteromedial surface of the proximal tibia

Anterior to posterior at medial knee:
*Sartorius, Gracilis, Semi-Tendinosus

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23
Q

List the 6 muscles in the medial adductor group of the thigh?

A

1) Pectineus
2) Adductor longus
3) Adductor brevis
4) Adductor magnus (adductor portion)
5) Gracilis
6) Obturator externus

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24
Q

Give the general origin, insertion and function of the medial adductor group of muscles in the thigh?

A

Origin = Iliopublic ramus, ischial tuberosity

Insertion = back of thigh along linea aspera

Function = adduction of the thigh, medial rotation of thigh

25
What are the muscles in the posterior flexor group of the thigh?
Hamstring muscles: lateral to medial: 1) Biceps femoris long head 2) Biceps femoris short head 2) Semitendinosus 3) Semimembranosus 4) Hamstring portion of the adductor magnus
26
What is the common origin and function of the hamstring muscles?
Origin = ischial tuberosity Function = Flex and rotate knee, extend hip joint during walking
27
Insertion and function of the posterior flexor group in thigh?
- Biceps femoris: Long and short heads insert at head of fibula; flexes and laterally*** rotates the knee - Semitendinosus: medial surface of superior tibia - Semimembranosus: upper part is aponeurotic /membranous; inserts at back of medial tibial condyle Semitendinosus and semimembranosus function = flex and medially*** rotate the knee
28
What are the origins of the Biceps femoris heads?
Long head = ischial tuberosity Short head = linea aspera (and lateral supracondylar line of femur)
29
Origin, insertion and function of Adductor magnus?
Adductor part: Origin = inferior ramus of pubis, ramus of ischium Insertion = Gluteal tuberosity, linea aspera, medial supracondylar line Function = Adduct + Flex thigh Hamstring part: Origin = ischial tuberosity Insertion = Adductor tubercule of femur Function = Adduct + Extend thigh Do not produce movement at the knee joint
30
Describe the structure of the muscle compartments of the leg?
4 compartments: Anterior, Lateral , Posterior deep, Posterior superficial Posterior deep compartment enclosed anteriorly by Interosseous membrane, Posteriorly by Transver intermuscular septum Anterior and posterior intermuscular septums encloses lateral compartment
31
What are the 4 muscles in the anterior extensor group of leg?
From medial to lateral: Tibialis anterior Extensor hallucis longus Extensor digitorum longus Peroneus/Fibularis teritus
32
Common origin and insertion of the anterior extensor muscles of the leg?
Origin: tibia/fibula/interosseous membrane Insertion: tarsals/metatarsals/phalanges
33
Functions of the anterior extensor muscles of the leg?
Dorsiflex foot & extend toes, invert or evert foot - Tibialis anterior: Dorsiflex ankle and invert foot - Extensor hallucis longus: Extend big toe and dorsiflex ankle - Extensor digitorum longus: Dorsiflex ankle and extend lateral 4 toes - Peroneus teritus: Eversion of foot
34
Tonic contraction of which muscles help support the foot arches by acting as “slings” or “ties”?
- Flexor hallucis longus* - Tibialis posterior - Peroneus longus* (fibularis longus) - Peroneus brevis (fibularis brevis) - Tibialis anterior*
35
Origin and insertion of Tibialis anterior?
Origin = lateral condyle + Lateral tibia + Interosseous membrane Insertion = medial cuneiform bone and base of 1st metatarsal
36
Origin and insertion of Extensor hallucis longus?
Origin = Middle anterior fibula and interosseous membrane Insertion = Base of distal phalanx of great toe
37
Origin and insertion of Fibularis/ Peroneus Tertius?
Origin = Inferior anterior fibula and interosseous membrane Insertion = Base of 5th metatarsal
38
Origin and insertion of Extensor digitorum longus?
Origin = Lateral condyle + superior medial fibula + interosseous membrane Insertion = middle and distal phalanges of lateral 4 digits
39
What are the lateral muscles of the leg?
Everters: tendons run behind lateral malleolus 1. Peroneus longus 2. Peroneus brevis (more anterior)
40
Function of lateral muscles of the leg?
Plantarflex and evert foot
41
Origin and insertion of Peroneus longus?
Origin = Head and superior part of fibula Insertion = Winds around lateral surface of cuboid to insert at Base of 1st metatarsal and medial cuneiform
42
Origin and insertion of Fibularis brevis?
Origin = Inferior lateral fibula Insertion = Tuberosity on lateral side of 5th metatarsal
43
What are the superficial posterior flexors of the leg?
1) Gastrocnemius 2) Soleus 3) Plantaris 1 and 2 together known as triceps surae, share a common tendon (Achilles' tendon or tendo calcaneus)
44
Origin and function of Gastrocnemius?
Origin: Lateral head = lateral condyle of femur Medial head = Popliteal surface of femur, superior to medial condyle Function = Plantarflex ankle when knee is extended, raise heel during walking, flex leg at knee joint
45
Origin and function of Soleus?
Origin = Posterior head of fibula, fibula soleal line, tibia Function = Plantarflex ankle, stabilize ankle
46
Origin and function of Plantaris?
Origin = supracondylar line of femur Function = Helps gastrocnemius in plantarflexion of ankle
47
What are the Posterior DEEP flexors of the leg?
1. Popliteus 2. Flexor digitorum longus 3. Tibialis posterior 4. Flexor hallucis longus
48
Origin, insertion and function of popliteus?
Origin: Lateral condyle of femur, lateral meniscus Insertion = Posterior tibia Function = unlocks knee joint by laterally rotating the femur on the tibia
49
Origin, insertion and function of Flexor hallucis longus?
Origin = Inferior, posterior fibula and interosseous membrane Insertion = Base of distal phalanx of great toe Function = Flex great toe at all joint + plantarflexion
50
Origin, insertion and function of Flexor digitorum longus?
Origin = Medial posterior tibia Insertion: Base of distal phalanx of toe 2-5 Function = Flexion of toe 2-5, plantarflexion, support arch of foot
51
Origin, insertion and function of Tibialis posterior?
Origin = interosseous membrane, Posterior tibia Insertion = Tuberosity of navicular, cuneiform and cuboid + base of 2,3,4 metatarsals Function = platarflex, inversion
52
What forms the boundaries of the Tarsal tunnel?
Roof: flexor retinaculum Floor: talus and calcaneus Side: medial malleolus
53
What are the 5 structures that passes through the tarsal tunnel?
@ posterior, medial to lateral: Tom, Dick And Nervous Harry - Tibialis posterior - Flexor digitorum longus - Posterior tibial artery - Tibial nerve - Flexor hallucus longus
54
What are the everters and inverters of the foot?
Inverters (medial): Tibialis anterior and posterior Everters (lateral): Peroneus tertius, brevis, longus
55
What are the flexors and extensors of the foot?
Flexors: Flexor digitorum longus Flexor hallucis longus Tendon calcaneus Extensors: Extensor digitorum longus Extensor hallucis longus
56
What is the intrinsic muscles of the foot in dorsal aspect?
Extensor digitorum brevis (to digits 1-4) | Extensor hallucis brevis (big toe)
57
What are the plantar aspect intrinsic muscles of the foot?
4 layers 1st: Abductor digiti minimi, Flexor digitorum brevis, Abductor hallucis 2nd: Quadratus plantae, Lumbricals 3rd: Flexor digiti minimi brevis Adductor hallucis Flexor hallucis brevis 4th: Plantar and dorsal interossei
58
Function of the plantar aspect intrinsic muscles of the foot?
Arch support (acting as “ties”) and to keep the interphalangeal joints straight against the pull of the flexors >> prevent the curling of toes during walking.

MBBS II MSS (31 decks)

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