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Developmental > L10 heart development > Flashcards

L10 heart development Flashcards

1
Q

the heart

A

ventral splanchnic layer of head lateral mesoderm derivative

the heart is directly connected to the pharyngeal arches vix the aortic arches

blood travels through in a tubing - endocardium

pumping portion = myocardium

epicardium forms coronary arteries

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2
Q

pulmonary valve

A

prevent blood flow from vessels back into ventricles

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3
Q

vertebrate circulation system

A

left and right coronary arteries on surface of the heart

thick muscular myocardium

mammals:
deoxygenated blood enters right atrium via vena cava right ventricle receives blood and pumps out to the lung via pulmonary arteries
oxygenated blood enters left atrium pumped by left ventricle out into head and into body by the cartoter arteries and dorsal aorta

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4
Q

tadpole circulation sys

A

pharyngeal arches

with aortic arches inside allow oxygen acquired by the gills to be transported straight into the body

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5
Q

conc

A

teleost fish inflow from bottom

otherwise common denominator = separate chambers for inflow and outflow

heart is initially upstream of the aoric arches that inside pharyngeal arches

the most caudal aortic arch becomes the pulmonary arteries in lung breathers

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6
Q

function of blood

A

suppply neutrients

collection and disposal of waste

bufferning and osmoregulation

transport
oxygen
hormones - signalling

immune responses

bod temp in warm blooded animals

skeletal function vis the build up of hydrostatic presure

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7
Q

how does blood get round

A

small animals w slow metabolism - passive transport / diffusion

larger animals w high metabolic rates - active transport

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8
Q

open circulatory systems = no blood vessels. blood

A

without specialised pumps = hearts

animal doesnt have to develop and maintain a specialised organ

blood flow can be directly linked to activity e.g. peristatic activity of the gut

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9
Q

closed = with blood vessels

adv = works with a smaller volume of blood

A

with specialised pump = hearts

adv =
constant and controlled blood flow to all organs

development of high pressure systems

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10
Q

types of animal hearts

A

linear - insects
chambered w distinct in andoutflow tracs

gastropods - 2 chamers and vertebrates

peristaltic pumps in all bilaterians

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11
Q

amniote heart

A

starts as a simple tube

loops to the right

forms separate chambers for inflow + outflow

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12
Q

first unctional vertebrate heart is a linear pump

definitie outlow and inflow tracts are added on to primitive heart over time

latral mesoderm contributing cells for the primitibe, beating heart is the primary heart field

more medial/ dorsal mesoderm ells compared to primary heartd freld cells deliver head skeletal muscle + add cells after the heart starts beating these added on cells = secondary heart field cells

pharyngeal arch area cells

A

endocardim and myocaridum

endoderm closes the foregut
endocardial cells differentiation - edocardial tubes

myocardial cells differentiation around endocardium - contractile tube
cardiac jelly = between the 2

outer somatic aspect of lateral mesoderm will form pericardium + i between = lumen = pericardial cavity

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13
Q

lineage tracing head mesoderm

A

cells born in the primitive streak will settle in the head mesoderm

cells born later will settle in the trunk

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14
Q

BMP induces Nkx2.5 in the head but not in the trunk mesoderm

A

BMP from the cranial endoderm induces cardiac precursors or blood from LAteral endoderm

It is blocked by noggin from the notochord
BMP inducers FGF expression
this signals to the cranial lateral mesoderm to support cardiac development and stimulate events in the secondary heart field

Wnt from primitve streak.
and then from the neurl tube stimulate blood and supressed heart devleopment
blocked by wnt inhibitors such as crestn

in the trunk wnt supresses cardiogenesis

lateral plate mesoderm in head and trunk exposed to BMp

in head

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15
Q

bmp from the cranial endoderm induces cardia precursors or blood from lateral mesoderm = blocked by noggin in notochord

bm induces fgf in endodem
fgf signals to cranial lateral mesoderm

A

BMP from the cranial endoderm induces cardiac precursors or blood from Lateral endoderm

It is blocked by noggin from the notochord
BMP inducers FGF expression
this signals to the cranial lateral mesoderm to support cardiac development and stimulate events in the secondary heart field

Wnt from primitve streak.
and then from the neurl tube stimulate blood and supressed heart devleopment
blocked by wnt inhibitors such as crestn

in the trunk wnt supresses cardiogenesis

lateral plate mesoderm in head and trunk exposed to BMP

in head = the lateral mesoderm exposed to fgf and protected from wnt by wnt inhibitors

in trunk = lateral mesoderm exposed to BMP + wnt = cells turn into heamangogenic cell = blood + blood vessels

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16
Q

heart tube formation

A

driven by endoderm the cardiac tissue moves ventrally; the endoderm will fuse to form a gut canal = bilateral heart anlagen also fuse = single tubular heart in ventral midline

closure of the endoderm and cell migration along the endodem brings cardiac precursors to the ventral midlin
failure to reach the midlline leads to the independent formation for 2 bilateral hearts - cardla bifida

17
Q

BMP induces Nkx2.5 in the head but not in the trunk mesoderm

A

the Nkx2.5 gen is expressed in cardiac precusor cells and is a conserved regulator of protostome and deutrostome heart devlopment
- necessary but not sufficient for heart development

nkx2.5 is induced by BMP from the lateral mesoderm and endoderm
Nkx2.5 is only induced in the Wnt free area that distinguishes the head from the trunk
in the trunk under the influence of wnt lateral mesodem generates blood and vasculature

18
Q

specifiying inflow + outflow tract

A

inflow - retinoic acid active form of vitamin A

cardiac cells stained

19
Q

cardiac looping and chamber alignment

A

direction of looping is controlled by the left right asymmetry system - which was established in gastrulation like the rostrol caudal axis

20
Q

endocardial cushion formation and initial septation of the heart

A

the endocardium generates extracellular matrix that fills the place between the endocardium and myocardium

21
Q

formation of chambers and valves

A

reptiles have 2
birds and mammals only one - other has been repurposed:

one aortic arch forms carotid arteries

and then one side of an aortic arch becomes one of the subclavan artery

the other becomes the descending dorsal aorta

tetrapods - connection w 7th aortic arch with the lungs

22
Q

fetal oxygen transport from placenta via umbilical veins

A

feotal haemoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen

23
Q

redirecting mammalian blood flow at birth

A

expansion of the lung at birth
blood travels through atriums
blood is mixed because it travels across the atria and because there is still a connection between pulmonary arteries and descending aorta
= all organs get the same oxygen supply

the expansion of air into the lungs causes pressure changes that redirect the flow of blood in the newborn infant

the ductus arterious sqeeezes breaking off he connection between the aorta and the ppulmonary artery an the for foramen ovule a passageway between the left and right atria also closes
pulmonary seperated from systemic circulation

24
Q

summary

A

the direction of heart looping depends on lef right axis determined at gatrulation

heart looping drives the alignment of he cardiac chambers

endocrrdial cushions and the outgrowing atrial and interventricular septa separate the left and right side of the heart

in lung breathing tetrapods the aortic arches are remodelled
the most caudal aortic arch becomes the pulmonary artery

systemic and pulmonary circulation separated at birth

25
Q

open

A

initially when the septation that grows out in the middle of the atria left w an opening

26
Q

how to separate out ventricles

A

through looping and endocardial cushions as the heart fold with atrium

mothers that drank alcohol can lead to closed internal ventricular septum

27
Q

which signals

trunk interprets = i must make cardiac cell = myocardium + epicardiums- makes arteries

A

Nkx2.5 transcription factor involved

BMP and Fgf and bmp inhibitors

28
Q

the initial signal that tells lateral mesoderm or further out

A

BMP expressed laterally
the further out the type of mesoderm is the more BMP it sees

noggin expressed in notochord

midline BMP antagonist

further out you have BMP

cardiac mesoderm being lateral mesoderm is
controlled by bMP the mesdoerm in midline is supressed by BMP
endoderm retains BMP signalling in the pouches

29
Q

what could distinguish the head end from the prospective trunk end

A

wnt signalling
high im primative streak
as it is a travelling uni as is the signalling

wnt inhibitors
cresent at rostral end

head end gets BMP and no wnt

trunk gets BMP and wnt

30
Q

fgf

A

fgf is there to tell cells in mesoderm to keep on dividing and not engage in differentiation yet = contributes to keeping cells in secondary heart field = maintain cell pool into precursor pool
and is then recruited into the heart over time to make mature inflow and outflow

tells cells in prospective facial musculature to not go and differentiate yet

FGF signalling is involved in the specification of the extra embryonic blood items.

31
Q

fgf and bmp can diffuse over a large distance notch cannot

A

notch signalling is membrane bound and cannot diffuse

involved when cells are talking to each other and trying to figure out what they are going to do,

whih way they are going to develop

neurogenesis

critical in saying which cells are allowed to differentiate or not

dorsal aorta - where endothelial cells can undergo endothelial haematopoietic transition.where endothelial cells can turn into blood cells, haematopoietic stem cells

angiogenesis

32
Q

signal synergy

A

patterning of the somite and the induction of skeletal muscle

BMP + Noggin

33
Q

cardiogenesis

A

BMP promotes

Wnt - inhibts

34
Q

FGF where does it play a role where did we cover it what does it do with watch of these processes cell types

where does it come from where does it go to

A

why does the circulation system develop so early in the embryo

35
Q

what happens to the cells that cant get oxygen

A

hypoxia transcription factor - alpha

Developmental (12 decks)

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